摘要:

目的

水是人類賴以生存和發(fā)展的關鍵要素。以水為核心的藍色空間一直以來不斷塑造著城市，提供了多樣化的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務。越來越多的證據表明接觸感知藍色空間能夠為城市居民帶來顯著的健康效益。因此，在響應健康城市建設及可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標的背景下，有必要探討將接觸感知藍色空間產生的健康效益納入空間設計實踐的可能性。

方法

基于對核心文獻的檢索和篩選，系統(tǒng)梳理接觸感知藍色空間以促進人類健康的主要路徑，提出將健康證據轉譯為設計實踐的方法論框架。

結果

基于3種藍色空間接觸感知類型，歸納出4條聯(lián)系藍色空間接觸感知和公共健康的主要路徑：1）促進體力活動；2）降低有害暴露；3）提供心理效益；4）鼓勵社會交往。提出了一個將健康證據轉譯為設計知識的四步方法論框架并結合已有證據和案例進行說明：1）收集主要健康證據；2）提煉關鍵設計概念；3）劃分核心設計要素；4）轉譯設計原則、空間模式、評估方法。

結論

根據“分析—綜合—評估”設計范式，探討了從健康證據轉化出的設計知識在設計迭代中的應用潛力，反思了方法論框架的雙向互動優(yōu)勢，指出實踐能夠作為啟發(fā)設計知識和提供健康證據的工具。

Abstract:

Objective

Water could be regarded as a vital element for human existence, which has shaped cities for centuries. Blue spaces, centred around water bodies, play a pivotal role in urban development by delivering various ecosystem services and influencing the design and planning of urban environments. In addition to the numerous benefits and services provided by water, recent research indicates that blue space exposure and perception could also enhance human health and well-being, especially in urban contexts. However, health benefits are often not or implicitly taken into account in design practices. While an increasing number of researchers acknowledge the importance of applying current health evidence to practice, there is currently a lack of specific methodological support to bridge the gap between evidence and actions. Furthermore, given the growing focus on healthy urban living, the demand for the development of healthy cities, and the requirements of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), addressing this gap is of utmost importance at present. Based on the analysis and synthesis of existing evidence, this research aims to propose a conceptual framework that links the health benefits derived from blue space exposure and perception with spatial design practices. The framework attempts to address the current gap and encourage ongoing exploration in future research and practice.

Methods

This research first searches relevant publications on blue space and human health included in the Web of Science Core Collection and Google Scholar during the past five years, and selects the representative ones for detailed analysis and summary. Based on the analysis results, the key pathways linking blue space exposure and perception with human health are identified. Next, a tailored methodological, conceptual framework linking health evidence and design practices is proposed according to the frameworks and evidence in existing studies. Meanwhile, the results of the literature analysis and several Rotterdam cases at different scales are used to demonstrate the application of the framework and illustrate its feasibility.

Results

Based on the results of the literature analysis, three main blue space exposure and perception types are summarized, including indirect perception and exposure, accidental perception and exposure, and intentional perception and exposure. Next, four main pathways linking the exposure to or perception of blue space and human health are identified and briefly discussed, including enhancing physical activities, reducing harmful exposure, benefiting psychological outcomes, and promoting social interactions. Subsequently, a four-step conceptual framework that translates the health evidence into practical design knowledge is proposed. The steps comprise extracting critical health evidence, summarizing key design concepts, categorizing core design elements, and translating into design principles, spatial patterns, and evaluation methods. At first, the research extracts key evidence from 57 representative literature. And then, the research summarizes 42 key design concepts. Next, through an analysis of the similarities and differences between the design concepts, five core design elements are identified, including the quantity, accessibility, visibility, spatial quality, and design process of blue space. Each element contains several specific design concepts. Among them, the first four elements are closely related to the designer’s development of spatial interventions, so this research further translates the four elements into practical design knowledge and illustrates them with Rotterdam cases. Specifically, the quantity, accessibility, and visibility emphasize the objective description of the characteristics of blue space, while spatial quality focuses on people’s subjective perception and experience of blue space. First, the research introduces three design principles aimed at increasing the quantity of blue space and proposes two distinct spatial patterns for each principle. On this basis, two flowcharts of evaluation methods using different types of data are presented, aiming to assess the application effectiveness of principles and patterns. In line with comparable reasoning, three design principles and six spatial patterns are introduced to enhance the accessibility and visibility of blue space. These principles and patterns are formulated across the city, community and individual scales. Moreover, given the intricacy of the evaluation methods, the research directly demonstrates specific method applications at various scales by taking several Rotterdam cases as examples. Finally, two principles and their corresponding spatial patterns for enhancing blue space quality are delineated. Considering the locality of people’s perception of blue space quality, the formulation of principles and patterns on quality is based on a comprehensive analysis of crowdsourced data on physical activities and streetscape in Rotterdam. It is noted that the design principles, spatial patterns, and evaluation methods presented in the research are excerpts of findings drawn from available evidence. Their primary function is to enhance comprehension of the conceptual framework proposed in the research. They can be viewed as open-ended results that will be continually expanded and updated by researchers and practitioners as new evidence emerges and cities develop.

Conclusion

Based on the practical design knowledge translated from the aforementioned framework, including design principles, spatial patterns and evaluation methods, the research delves deeper into the exploration of their potential integration into practical design iterations. Combined with the “Analysis – Synthesis – Evaluation” (ASE) paradigm, the evaluation methods can be applied in both the analysis and evaluation phases, serving the purpose of identifying site problems, assessing the efficacy of potential spatial interventions, and aiding in deciding whether to optimize current interventions. In the synthesis phase, practitioners can utilize design principles and spatial patterns representing generic design knowledge to facilitate the creation of spatial interventions. These interventions, regarded as a form of specific design knowledge, take into account both current site conditions and additional design objectives simultaneously. Due to the complexity of design projects, the “ASE” process may be repeated several times until the final design decision is developed. Furthermore, the conceptual framework in this research has the advantage of being bi-directional, and the design practice may be a creative process of practitioners, which can provide valuable insights for the generation of novel principles and patterns.

圖  1   聯(lián)系藍色空間接觸感知與人類健康的4條主要路徑

Figure  1.   Four main pathways linking blue space exposure and perception with human health

圖  2   將接觸感知藍色空間的健康促進證據轉化為設計實踐的方法論框架

Figure  2.   A methodological framework for translating the health promotion evidence of blue space perception and exposure into design practice

圖  3   空間設計概念詞云圖

Figure  3.   Word cloud of spatial design concepts

圖  4   將設計概念劃分為5類核心設計要素

Figure  4.   Classification of spatial design concepts into five core design elements

圖  5   對空間設計過程的解讀

Figure  5.   Interpretation of spatial design process

圖  6   提升藍色空間數量的實用設計知識[33]    6-1 提升藍色空間數量的設計原則和空間模式示例    6-2 評估藍色空間數量的方法示例

Figure  6.   Practical design knowledge for increasing the quantity of blue space[33]    6-1 Examples of design principles and spatial patterns for increasing the quantity of blue space    6-2 Examples of evaluation methods for the quantity of blue space

圖  7   提升藍色空間可達性的實用設計知識    7-1 優(yōu)化藍色空間可達性的設計原則和空間模式示例    7-2 評估藍色空間可達性的方法示例

Figure  7.   Practical design knowledge for enhancing the accessibility of blue space    7-1 Examples of design principles and spatial patterns for enhancing the accessibility of blue space    7-2 Examples of evaluation methods for the accessibility of blue space

圖  8   提升藍色空間可視性的實用設計知識    8-1 提升藍色空間可見性的多尺度設計原則和空間模式示例    8-2 評估藍色空間多尺度可見性的方法示例

Figure  8.   Practical design knowledge for improving the visibility of blue space    8-1 Examples of multi-scale design principles and spatial patterns for improving the visibility of blue space    8-2 Examples of multi-scale evaluation methods for the visibility of blue space

圖  9   提升藍色空間質量的實用設計知識示例    9-1 提升藍色空間質量的設計原則和空間模式示例    9-2 城市尺度分析藍色空間中休閑騎行次數和綠視率

Figure  9.   Practical design knowledge for improving the quality of blue space    9-1 Examples of design principles and spatial patterns for improving the quality of blue space    9-2 Analysis of recreational cycling counts and green view index in blue space at the city scale

圖  10   將設計原則、空間模式以及分析方法應用在設計迭代[39]

Figure  10.   Application of design principles, spatial patterns, and evaluation methods in design iteration[39]

表  1   鹿特丹藍色空間休閑運動行為和空間質量要素的回歸分析

Table  1   Regression analysis of recreational physical activities and spatial quality factors of blue spaces in Rotterdam

空間質量要素休閑跑步休閑騎行線性回歸模型
（標準化系數）空間滯后模型
（標準化系數）線性回歸模型
（標準化系數）空間滯后模型
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