馬克?格蘭諾維特（Mark Granovetter）是斯坦福大學(xué)社會(huì)系瓊?巴特勒?福特（Joan Butler Ford）教授。曾獲得哈佛大學(xué)博士學(xué)位、斯德哥爾摩大學(xué)名譽(yù)博士學(xué)位，在社會(huì)學(xué)刊物上發(fā)表過(guò)多篇文章，論述社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、不平等與經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)學(xué)，現(xiàn)為斯坦福大學(xué)Bechtel創(chuàng)新計(jì)劃「硅谷社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)」項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人。

馬克?格蘭諾維特（Mark Granovetter）在2000年和瑪格麗特?韓柯克（Marguerite Gong Hancock）、黃浩秋（Hokyu Hwang）、埃米利奧?卡斯蒂拉（Emilio J.Castilla）和艾琳?格蘭諾維特（Ellen Granovetter）等人一起搞了個(gè)調(diào)查研究：「硅谷社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)Social Networks in Silicon Valley」。后來(lái)這個(gè)研究報(bào)告被編入斯坦福大學(xué)出版社出版的《硅谷優(yōu)勢(shì)：創(chuàng)新與創(chuàng)業(yè)精神的棲息地》（The Silicon Valley Edge）。

Mark Granovetter is Joan Butler Ford Professor in the Department of Sociology at Stanford University. He came to Stanford in 1995 after holding positions on the faculties of Northwestern (1992-1995), SUNY Stony Brook (1977-1992), Harvard (1973-1977) and Johns Hopkins (1970-1973). He received his Ph. D. in Sociology from Harvard in 1970, his B.A. from Princeton in Modern History in 1965, and was awarded an honorary doctorate from Stockholm University in 1996.

Mark Granovetter is an American sociologist who has created some of the most influential theories in modern sociology since the 1970s. He is best known for his work in social network theory and in economic sociology, particularly his theory on the spread of information in social networks known as "The Strength of Weak Ties" (1973).

在（二十世紀(jì)）六十年代晚期，還是哈佛大學(xué)研究生的馬克·格拉諾維特Mark Granovetter通過(guò)尋訪麻省牛頓鎮(zhèn)的居民如何找工作來(lái)探索社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)。他非常驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)那些緊密的朋友反倒沒(méi)有那些弱連接的關(guān)系更能夠發(fā)揮作用。事實(shí)上，緊密的朋友根本幫不上忙。 Granovetter描述弱連接的論文被當(dāng)年的《美國(guó)社會(huì)學(xué)評(píng)論》拒之門外而無(wú)人問(wèn)津，直到多年之后才得到認(rèn)可，并被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代社會(huì)學(xué)最有影響的論文之一。

弱連接理論由美國(guó)社會(huì)學(xué)家馬克·格拉諾維特（Mark Granovetter）于1974年提出。格蘭諾維特指出：在傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)，每個(gè)人接觸最頻繁的是自己的親人、同學(xué)、朋友、同事……這是一種十分穩(wěn)定的然而傳播范圍有限的社會(huì)認(rèn)知，這是一種“強(qiáng)連接” (Strong Ties)現(xiàn)象；同時(shí)，還存在另外一類相對(duì)于前一種社會(huì)關(guān)系更為廣泛的，然而卻是膚淺的社會(huì)認(rèn)知。例如一個(gè)被人無(wú)意間提到或者打開收音機(jī)偶然聽(tīng)到的一個(gè)人……格蘭諾維特把后者稱為“弱連接”(Weak Ties)。

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：其實(shí)與一個(gè)人的工作和事業(yè)關(guān)系最密切的社會(huì)關(guān)系并不是“強(qiáng)連接”，而常常是“弱連接”?！叭踹B接”雖然不如“強(qiáng)連接”那樣堅(jiān)固（金字塔），卻有著極快的、可能具有低成本和高效能的傳播效率。

事實(shí)上，在信息的擴(kuò)散傳播方面，弱連接起著同樣的作用。一個(gè)人的親朋好友圈子里的人可能相互認(rèn)識(shí)，因此，在這樣圈子中，他人提供的交流信息總是冗余。比如，我從這個(gè)朋友或親戚聽(tīng)到的，可能早已經(jīng)在另一個(gè)朋友那里聽(tīng)說(shuō)了，而他們之間也都相互交談過(guò)此話題。日常生活中不乏這樣的事例。

弱連接在我們與外界交流時(shí)發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵的作用，為了得到新的信息，我們必須充分發(fā)揮弱鏈接的作用。這些弱連接，或是熟人，都是我們與外界溝通的橋梁，不同地方的人通過(guò)弱連接可以得到不同的信息。最親近的朋友可能生活圈子和你差不多，你們的生活幾乎完全重合。而那些久不見(jiàn)面的人，他們可能掌握了很多你并不了解的情況。只有這些“微弱關(guān)系”的存在，信息才能在不同的圈子中流傳。弱鏈接的威力正在于此。

強(qiáng)連接關(guān)系通常代表者行動(dòng)者彼此之間具有高度的互動(dòng)，在某些存在的互動(dòng)關(guān)系型態(tài)上較親密，因此，透過(guò)強(qiáng)連接所產(chǎn)生的訊息通常是重復(fù)的，容易自成一個(gè)封閉的系統(tǒng)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)的成員由于具有相似的態(tài)度，高度的互動(dòng)頻率通常會(huì)強(qiáng)化原本認(rèn)知的觀點(diǎn)而降低了與其它觀點(diǎn)的融合，故認(rèn)為在組織中強(qiáng)連接網(wǎng)絡(luò)并不是一個(gè)可以提供創(chuàng)新機(jī)會(huì)的管道。

Economic Sociology, Social Stratification, Sociological Theory

找工作

作品時(shí)間2008-11-1

《找工作：關(guān)系人與職業(yè)生涯的研究》是2008年11月1日格致出版社、上海人民出版社出版的圖書，作者是馬克·格蘭諾維特。

Since 1986 Mark Granovetter has been the editor of a Cambridge University Press series, Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences. This is the only social science series that emphasizes explanation by reference to relations among concrete social entities such as persons or organizations. More than twenty-five volumes have appeared to date, in sociology, anthropology, political science, history and statistical methods.

2001. The Sociology of Economic Life, 2nd edition, edited with Richard Swedberg. Boulder, CO: Westview Press

1995. Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers, 2nd Edition (with a new Preface and a new chapter updating research and theory since the 1974 edition). University of Chicago Press.

2007. “The Social Construction of Corruption”. Pp. 152-172 in Victor Nee and Richard Swedberg, editors, On Capitalism, Stanford University Press.

2005. “Electric Charges: The Social Construction of Rate Systems”. With Valery Yakubovich and Patrick McGuire. Theory and Society 34 (5-6): 579-612.

2005. "The Impact of Social Structure on Economic Outcomes". Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(1 ) (Winter): 33-50.

2005. “Business Groups and Social Organization”. Pp. 429-450 in Neil Smelser and Richard Swedberg, editors, Handbook of Economic Sociology, Second Edition. Princeton University Press and Russell Sage Foundation.

2003. "Ignorance, Knowledge and Outcomes in a Small World". Science 301 (8 August, 2003): 773-774. (Perspective on Dodds, Muhammad and Watts' "An Experimental Study of Search in Global Social Networks", Science, same issue. )

2002. "A Theoretical Agenda for Economic Sociology". Pp. 35-59 in Mauro Guillen, Randall Collins, Paula England and Marshall Meyer, editors. The New Economic Sociology: Developments in an Emerging Field. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

2000. "Social Networks in Silicon Valley". With Emilio Castilla, Hokyu Hwang and Ellen Granovetter. Pp. 218-247 in Chong-Moon Lee, William F. Miller, Marguerite Gong Hancock, and Henry S. Rowen, editors, The Silicon Valley Edge. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

1998. "The Making of an Industry: Electricity in the United States". With Patrick McGuire. Pp. 147-173, in Michel Callon, editor, The Laws of The Markets, Oxford: Blackwell.

1995. "Coase Revisited: Business Groups in the Modern Economy". Industrial and Corporate Change 4(1): 93-130.

1990 “The Myth of Social Network Analysis as a Special Method in the Social Sciences”. In Connections 13(2): 13-16.

1988. "Inequality and Labor Processes" (With Charles Tilly). In Neil Smelser, ed., Handbook of Sociology, pp. 175-221. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

1988. "The Sociological and Economic Approaches to Labor Market Analysis: A Social Structural View". Pp. 187-216 in George Farkas and Paula England, editors, Industries, Firms and Jobs: Sociological and Economic Approaches. New York: Plenum Press.

1988 "Threshold Models of Diversity: Chinese Restaurants, Residential Segregation and the Spiral of Silence." (With Roland Soong). In Clifford Clogg, ed., Sociological Methodology , pp. 69-104.

1986 "The Micro-Structure of School Desegregation". Pp. 81-110 in J. Prager, D. Longshore and M. Seeman, School Desegregation Research: New Directions in Situational Analysis. New York: Plenum Press.

1985. "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness." American Journal of Sociology, 91(November): 481-510.

1984. "Small is Bountiful: Labor Markets and Establishment Size". American Sociological Review 49(June): 323-334.

1979 "The Idea of ‘Advancement’ in Theories of Social Evolution and Development." American Journal of Sociology, 85 (November):489-515.

1978. "Threshold Models of Collective Behavior." American Journal of Sociology, 83 (May): 1420-1443.

1973. "The Strength of Weak Ties." American Journal of Sociology, 78 (May): 1360-1380.

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