摘要:鎘（Cd）作為最重要的土壤污染物之一，會(huì)對(duì)人體健康造成嚴(yán)重威脅。Cd污染土壤的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估受到廣泛關(guān)注。目前，Cd污染土壤的人體健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)多基于總含量，往往高估其健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。近年來(lái)，以污染物生物有效性作為評(píng)價(jià)基礎(chǔ)的研究受到廣泛認(rèn)可。本文系統(tǒng)分析了體內(nèi)外方法（動(dòng)物模型、體外胃腸模擬方法和腸細(xì)胞模型）測(cè)定Cd生物有效性的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，綜述了各方法在分析土壤Cd生物有效性的影響因素以及生物有效態(tài)Cd對(duì)動(dòng)物和細(xì)胞模型的毒性效應(yīng)；提出弄清土壤總Cd含量-生物有效態(tài)Cd-毒性效應(yīng)之間的劑量效應(yīng)關(guān)系，構(gòu)建基于生物有效性和毒性效應(yīng)為基礎(chǔ)的人體健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估模型，來(lái)準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估其健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的思路，以期為土壤Cd健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估及有效阻控提供一定參考。

關(guān)鍵詞:鎘 / 土壤 / 生物有效性 / 動(dòng)物模型 / 細(xì)胞模型

Abstract:Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most serious soil contaminants in China, posing an increasing risk to human health as large amounts of Cd are emitted into the environment. Given that, human health risk assessment of Cd-contaminated soil attracts scientific community. Based on literature, most of existing health risk assessment models are dependent on the Cd total content, which may overestimate the risk. Recently, some scientists demonstrated that bioavailable Cd is more accurate to predict its health risk since it reflects actual fraction of human absorption. In recent years, many approaches including in vitro and in vivo models were widely employed to evaluate the potential health risk of Cd in soils. In this review, we summarized the characteristics of existing models (i.e., animal models, in vitro gastrointestinal simulation, and cellular models), analyzed the factors affecting its bioavailability and the toxic effects of bioavailable Cd on animal and cell models. Therefore, we proposed that the scientists should figure out the quantitative relations among the total concentration Cd in soils, bioavailable Cd and induced toxic effects, and then construct the new models based on bioavailability and toxic effects to accurately assess the health risks of soil Cd. Taken together, our review could provide the perspective on the accurate assessment of health risk of heavy metals contaminated soil.

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