引用本文

李斐, 王甜, 梅寧安, 周玉香. 南瓜籽及其加工副產(chǎn)品在動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用的潛在價(jià)值[J]. 動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)報(bào), 2022, 34(7): 4174-4181.  

LI Fei, WANG Tian, MEI Ning'an, ZHOU Yuxiang. Potential Value of Pumpkin Seeds and Its Processing By-Products in Animal Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2022, 34(7): 4174-4181.  

南瓜籽及其加工副產(chǎn)品在動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用的潛在價(jià)值

李斐1 , 王甜1 , 梅寧安2 , 周玉香1     

1. 寧夏大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院, 銀川 750021;
2. 寧夏農(nóng)林科學(xué)院畜牧獸醫(yī)研究所, 銀川 750002

收稿日期: 2021-12-17

基金項(xiàng)目: 寧夏回族自治區(qū)重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目（2021BEFD2D27）

作者簡(jiǎn)介: 李斐(1998-), 男, 寧夏固原人, 碩士研究生, 研究方向?yàn)榉雌c動(dòng)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)。E-mail: 1078978133@qq.com.

摘要: 南瓜籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富，具有多種營(yíng)養(yǎng)活性?，F(xiàn)階段對(duì)于南瓜籽的研究主要集中在人體保健方面，在動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用研究極少。本文綜述了南瓜籽的營(yíng)養(yǎng)特性、藥理活性和南瓜籽產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)應(yīng)用，旨在為南瓜籽在動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用提供理論參考，為南瓜籽的深度加工利用提供新思路。

關(guān)鍵詞: 南瓜籽    營(yíng)養(yǎng)特性    藥理作用    應(yīng)用    

Potential Value of Pumpkin Seeds and Its Processing By-Products in Animal Production

LI Fei1 , WANG Tian1 , MEI Ning'an2 , ZHOU Yuxiang1     

1. School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China;
2. Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002, China

Abstract: Pumpkin seeds are rich in nutrients and have a variety of nutritional activities. At present, the research on pumpkin seeds mainly focused on human health, and there are very few applied researches in animal production. This article reviewed the nutritional properties, pharmacological activities and the development and application of pumpkin seeds, aiming to provide a theoretical reference for the application of pumpkin seeds in animal production, and provide new ideas for the deep processing and utilization of pumpkin seeds.

Key words: pumpkin seeds    nutritional properties    pharmacological effects    application    

南瓜籽都有食藥兩用的功效，其含有豐富的蛋白質(zhì)、脂肪酸、維生素等對(duì)機(jī)體有益的營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì)[1]。許多學(xué)者對(duì)南瓜籽的化學(xué)成分和藥理作用進(jìn)行了大量研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)其具有驅(qū)蟲、抗炎[2]、抗氧化、改善脫發(fā)[3]、抑制癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)[4]、預(yù)防和治療糖尿病等功效[5]。我國(guó)南瓜種植范圍廣、產(chǎn)量高，利用方式主要以南瓜果肉和南瓜籽仁為主，其加工副產(chǎn)物利用率低。因此，本文就南瓜籽的營(yíng)養(yǎng)特性、藥理作用、產(chǎn)品應(yīng)用研究概況進(jìn)行綜述，以期為其作為動(dòng)物飼料和抗生素替代物的可行性提供理論依據(jù)。

1 南瓜籽的營(yíng)養(yǎng)特性1.1 蛋白質(zhì)

南瓜籽的蛋白質(zhì)含量豐富，但不同品種之間含量差異較大。馮舒等[6]通過測(cè)定4種出口南瓜籽的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分，發(fā)現(xiàn)蛋白質(zhì)含量在34.58%~42.00%，脫脂美洲南瓜籽的蛋白質(zhì)含量可高達(dá)66.5%。此外，南瓜籽含有蘇氨酸、絲氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、纈氨酸、蛋氨酸、異亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、賴氨酸、組氨酸、精氨酸等17種氨基酸，總含量為30.03 g/100 g，在必需氨基酸組成比例上與人體所需必需氨基酸模式相似。其中賴氨酸、蛋氨酸和蘇氨酸等限制性氨基酸含量較高，分別為1.405、0.739和1.480 g/100 g[7]。由此可見，南瓜籽蛋白質(zhì)含量高、品質(zhì)好，具有較好的飼料利用前景。

1.2 脂肪酸

南瓜籽油不飽和脂肪酸含量高，脂肪酸之間組成比例合理，具有較高的利用價(jià)值。南瓜籽含有十幾種脂肪酸，其主要脂肪酸為棕櫚酸、亞油酸、油酸，約占90%；其中棕櫚酸占15%[2]，亞油酸含量在44.7%~55.5%，油酸含量在23.8%~33.1%。不飽和脂肪酸含量高于78.2%[8]，單不飽和脂肪酸含量高于35%[9]。南瓜籽油不飽和脂肪酸含量與葵花籽油、橄欖油等接近，都在80%左右，還含有共軛亞油酸和花生四烯酸。

1.3 多糖

南瓜多糖具有抗氧化、降三高(高血壓、高血糖、高血脂)、抗腫瘤、抑菌等作用[10]，南瓜籽多糖表面平整，具有不定型性。程龍[11]通過復(fù)合酶(木瓜蛋白酶+纖維素酶)法提取南瓜籽多糖，在提取時(shí)間43 min、提取溫度60 ℃、酶添加量2.5%以及pH 6.0時(shí)，南瓜籽多糖的得率為3.22%。王麗波等[12]通過熱水浸提法提取南瓜籽多糖，得率為2.18%，并初步分析出南瓜籽多糖由鼠李糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖6種單糖組成，不含糖醛酸。Wang等[13]采用超聲輔助提取，在最優(yōu)的條件下，南瓜籽多糖的得率為2.29%。

1.4 維生素

南瓜籽中含有維生素B1、維生素B2、維生素C、維生素E、泛酸等[14]，其中含量最豐富的為維生素E。王璐等[15]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，南瓜籽油中含量最高的是γ-生育酚(4 794.1~5 270.2 mg/kg)，含量最低的是δ-生育三烯酚(1.3~2.4 mg/kg)。γ-生育酚抗氧化性較高，是機(jī)體高效的抗氧化劑，具有抗炎、預(yù)防腸癌的功效[16]。

1.5 礦物質(zhì)

南瓜籽中含有鈣、鎂、鉀、鈉、硫等常量礦物質(zhì)元素，鐵、銅、鋅、硒、鉻、錳等微量礦物質(zhì)元素，其中鈣、鈉、鎂、鉀、鉻和鋅的含量較高[17-18]。這些礦物質(zhì)元素在動(dòng)物生命活動(dòng)中具有重要作用，可維持細(xì)胞內(nèi)外滲透壓正常、神經(jīng)肌肉細(xì)胞的興奮性、細(xì)胞膜通透性和細(xì)胞正常功能的作用，也是機(jī)體細(xì)胞各種生化反應(yīng)的催化劑[19-20]。

1.6 其他活性成分

南瓜籽中還含有單寧、類胡蘿卜素、水蘇糖、棉子糖[21]、甾醇、角鯊烯[8]等其他活性成分。其中，單寧具有抗?fàn)I養(yǎng)作用，但適宜的單寧添加量具有促生長(zhǎng)、提高抗病力等作用[22]。南瓜籽甾醇可以提高機(jī)體抗氧化能力[23]。角鯊烯是一種重要的多不飽和三萜類物質(zhì)，能參與機(jī)體多個(gè)生理過程，具有抗氧化、增強(qiáng)免疫力、防癌、抗菌抑菌、提高動(dòng)物繁殖性能等功效[24-25]。

2 南瓜籽的生物學(xué)作用及其機(jī)制2.1 驅(qū)蟲

南瓜籽作為一種驅(qū)蟲藥廣泛用于各種家畜，起主要作用的物質(zhì)為南瓜籽氨酸[26-27]。南瓜籽作為驅(qū)蟲藥使用，更多的是和檳榔搭配使用。檳榔中檳榔堿對(duì)絳蟲頭結(jié)和前段具有麻痹作用，南瓜籽對(duì)絳蟲的中段和后段具有麻痹作用，兩者具有協(xié)同驅(qū)蟲作用，驅(qū)蟲效果可達(dá)90%以上。謝賢良等[28]通過比較吡咯酮和檳榔+南瓜籽的驅(qū)蟲效果發(fā)現(xiàn)，檳榔+南瓜籽作為驅(qū)蟲藥安全有效，且檳榔+南瓜籽比吡咯酮更適用于豬帶絳蟲的驅(qū)除。Feng等[29]通過用檳榔+南瓜籽成功治療一例人患牛帶絳蟲病。李向春[30]報(bào)道，檳榔+南瓜籽合劑可治豬囊尾蚴病。南瓜籽單獨(dú)使用，也具有良好的驅(qū)蟲效果。蘭祖全[31]將干南瓜籽研成粉末，拌于精料給羊飼喂，驅(qū)蟲效果良好。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，不同劑量的南瓜籽粉對(duì)貓?bào)w絳蟲都有驅(qū)除效果，但2 g/kg為最佳劑量，病情較重時(shí)使用3 g/kg[32]。李獻(xiàn)軍[33]通過18種中藥對(duì)離體豬蛔蟲療效的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，南瓜籽的有效率為40%~60%。南瓜籽對(duì)血吸蟲幼蟲有抑制作用，可殺滅一部分的幼蟲。高劑量南瓜籽可使成蟲蟲體萎縮、器官退化，對(duì)蟲卵具有抑制作用[34]。由此可見，南瓜籽對(duì)于絳蟲病的治療效果較好。

2.2 止血、抗炎、促愈合

南瓜籽中含有較高含量的β-谷甾醇。β-谷甾醇可以顯著提高血管生成活性，促進(jìn)成纖維細(xì)胞生成，促使傷口愈合止血[35-36]。Bardaa等[2]用生理鹽水、藥物、南瓜籽油對(duì)小鼠傷口創(chuàng)面愈合能力進(jìn)行對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn)，經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間，南瓜籽油組大鼠皮膚表面沒有炎癥細(xì)胞、并完全重新上皮化，效果好于藥物組。徐雅琴等[37]研究表明，南瓜籽植物甾醇對(duì)金黃色葡萄球菌、大腸桿菌、枯草芽孢桿菌和沙門氏菌都具有很好的抑制作用，當(dāng)質(zhì)量濃度為3 mg/mL時(shí)，可完全抑制供試菌的生長(zhǎng)。王麗波等[38]通過抑菌試驗(yàn)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，南瓜籽蛋白Pw-1對(duì)9種供試菌均有抑制作用，其中對(duì)白色葡萄球菌、黃瓜枯萎病菌、枯草芽孢桿菌和金黃色葡萄球菌4個(gè)菌株有顯著的抑制作用。

2.3 治療前列腺疾病

南瓜籽營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富，含有多種活性物質(zhì)，具有抗前列腺增生的作用。陳田[39]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，南瓜籽油甾醇可以顯著降低前列腺增生大鼠的前列腺濕重和前列腺指數(shù)，減小前列腺組織，抑制細(xì)胞增生。李千會(huì)等[40]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，南瓜籽醇提石油醚萃取相經(jīng)硅膠柱層析氯仿∶甲醇(8 ∶ 2、7 ∶ 3)梯度洗脫物對(duì)小鼠前列腺增生活性有明顯的抑制作用。Vahlensieck等[41]發(fā)現(xiàn)南瓜籽可以治療男性前列腺增生。還有很多研究也都證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)[42-44]。

2.4 抗氧化

王培宇[18]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，南瓜籽多肽可以提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量，致使細(xì)胞內(nèi)過多活性氧被清除，緩解氧化應(yīng)激和抑制細(xì)胞早衰。張宇等[23]通過南瓜籽甾醇對(duì)SD大鼠體內(nèi)抗氧化作用研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，南瓜籽甾醇對(duì)SD大鼠抗氧化能力具有促進(jìn)作用。王麗波等[12]通過體外抗氧化試驗(yàn)表明，南瓜籽多糖對(duì)一些自由基具有良好的清除效果。

2.5 降血糖、降膽固醇

南瓜籽的降血糖機(jī)理有3個(gè)方面：其一為南瓜籽多糖發(fā)揮作用。南瓜籽多糖的降糖作用可能是通過刺激胰島細(xì)胞分泌胰島素，從而起到降血糖作用[45-46]。其二為南瓜籽油發(fā)揮作用。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，南瓜籽油可顯著提高胰島素含量，顯著降低大鼠血糖水平，并改善耐糖量[47]。其三為南瓜籽蛋白發(fā)揮作用。南瓜籽蛋白含有豐富的精氨酸。有報(bào)道指出，2型糖尿病患者的胰臟β細(xì)胞完全不能受糖刺激而引起胰島素分泌，但給予精氨酸后，這種缺乏現(xiàn)象很快消失，葡萄糖作用消失后，胰島素會(huì)迅速分泌[48]。

南瓜籽含有大量不飽和脂肪酸，其中亞油酸可以降低低密度脂蛋白含量，提高高密度脂蛋白含量。高密度脂蛋白被認(rèn)為是一種健康的膽固醇形式，它能將膽固醇從細(xì)胞內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)移到肝臟中，從而使膽固醇被肝臟代謝，降低膽固醇含量[49]。

2.6 抗癌

Medjakovic等[4]用南瓜籽提取物對(duì)前列腺癌細(xì)胞、乳腺癌細(xì)胞、結(jié)直腸腺癌細(xì)胞和良性前列腺增生組織的增生細(xì)胞進(jìn)行細(xì)胞活力測(cè)試發(fā)現(xiàn)，南瓜籽提取物對(duì)癌細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)具有40%~50%的抑制作用。Chari等[50]通過南瓜籽提取物對(duì)預(yù)防和治療大鼠1, 2-二甲基肼誘發(fā)的結(jié)腸癌的作用試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，南瓜籽提取物可以降低結(jié)腸癌大鼠異常隱窩病灶，降低癌癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。還有研究表明南瓜籽提取物在乳腺癌預(yù)防和治療中的具有潛在作用[51]。

3 南瓜籽產(chǎn)品及其應(yīng)用研究

目前南瓜籽仍然以焙炒鮮食為主，去仁后得到的南瓜籽殼、南瓜籽仁皮和南瓜籽殼外皮，其粗蛋白質(zhì)及粗脂肪含量較高。除此之外，市面上流行的其他南瓜籽產(chǎn)品有南瓜籽粉、南瓜籽油、南瓜籽粕和南瓜籽蛋白。南瓜籽仁皮、南瓜籽殼和南瓜籽殼外皮的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分含量見表 1(由本實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)定)。

表 1 南瓜籽仁皮、南瓜籽殼和南瓜籽殼外皮的營(yíng)養(yǎng)成分含量(干物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)) Table 1 Nutrient contents of pumpkin seed rind, pumpkin seed shell and pumpkin seed scarfskin (DM basis)  

3.1 南瓜籽粉

南瓜籽粉是南瓜籽經(jīng)干燥粉碎后過細(xì)篩得到的[52]。南瓜籽粉在營(yíng)養(yǎng)組成上和南瓜籽極為接近，同樣有驅(qū)蟲、抗氧化、降血糖等功效，具有廣泛的應(yīng)用，如生產(chǎn)具有保健功能的南瓜籽粉飲料、南瓜籽粉膠囊和速溶南瓜粉等產(chǎn)品[53]。

3.2 南瓜籽油

南瓜籽油色澤呈紅棕色、氣味芳香，含有豐富的不飽和脂肪酸和生物活性物質(zhì)，具有抗氧化、抗炎、免疫調(diào)節(jié)等作用，是公認(rèn)的一種高品質(zhì)食藥兩用的植物油[54]。南瓜籽真實(shí)含油量率大約為51%，黃文城等[55]通過比較發(fā)現(xiàn)，烘干南瓜籽出油率為47.75%，高于烘炒南瓜籽(41.67%)。朱英蓮[56]通過溶劑浸提法在最優(yōu)條件下得出南瓜籽出油率為47.64%。喬永月[57]研究表明，南瓜籽油可以提高機(jī)體內(nèi)肌糖原和肝糖原含量，從而有效恢復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)員運(yùn)動(dòng)耐力以及糖代謝的能力，并具有一定的安全性。南瓜籽油在反芻動(dòng)物中研究較少，主要集中在犢牛上，有研究表明南瓜籽油加入初乳中飼喂?fàn)倥?，可以提高犢牛平均日增重、血清總蛋白含量和腸道中消化酶活性[58]。

3.3 南瓜籽粕

隨著對(duì)南瓜籽油的需求增加，造成南瓜籽提油后的南瓜籽粕產(chǎn)量也不斷增加。南瓜籽粕的蛋白質(zhì)含量為53.0%~75.2%，高于其他常用餅粕，必需氨基酸占總氨基酸的31%，粗纖維和粗灰分也符合飼料標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中對(duì)其他餅粕的要求[59]，并且南瓜籽粕不含對(duì)機(jī)體有害的物質(zhì)，是一種安全的蛋白質(zhì)資源。目前南瓜籽粕的應(yīng)用有2個(gè)方面：其一為當(dāng)作動(dòng)物飼料使用。Murray等[60]通過用南瓜籽粕和菜籽油代替魚粉和魚油飼喂北極嘉魚的試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)南瓜籽粕添加量為12.5%時(shí)，獲得的飼養(yǎng)效果與傳統(tǒng)魚粉、魚油配方相近，并且成本更低。其二為南瓜籽粕的深加工。Radoc ^ aj等[61]利用南瓜籽粕制作了一種富含ω-3脂肪酸的面包抹醬。周紅麗等[62]利用中性蛋白酶水解南瓜籽粕，制備得到血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)換酶(angiotensin-converting enzyme，ACE)抑制肽，該產(chǎn)品可用于治療高血壓。代弟[63]使用南瓜籽粕為原料開發(fā)醬油，得到了品質(zhì)優(yōu)良的醬油產(chǎn)品。張芬[64]使用堿溶酸沉法提取南瓜籽粕蛋白，在最佳條件為時(shí)間2 h，溫度40 ℃，pH 10，料液比1 ∶ 400，得出南瓜籽粕蛋白提取率為88.87%，所提取的南瓜籽蛋白呈淡黃色疏松粉末。南瓜籽粕還可以用來制作可生物降解、對(duì)環(huán)境無污染、價(jià)格低并且可以防止食物脫水變質(zhì)的可食用蛋白膜[65]。

4 結(jié)語(yǔ)

綜上所述，南瓜籽及其加工副產(chǎn)物營(yíng)養(yǎng)豐富，具有多種藥理活性，在醫(yī)療保健方面應(yīng)用較多，但在動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)中應(yīng)用較少，南瓜籽添加量對(duì)動(dòng)物生長(zhǎng)性能的影響尚不明確。如果能將其作為動(dòng)物飼料原料，利用其含有的生物活性成分發(fā)揮益生作用，研究其對(duì)動(dòng)物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的影響，其研究結(jié)果將對(duì)解決我國(guó)蛋白質(zhì)飼料原料短缺、提高動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)性能和健康狀況具有重要的研究意義。同時(shí)，在全面禁抗背景下，利用其抗菌、抗氧化作用等功能作為替抗飼料的前景廣闊。

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