Factors associated with medication adherence in community patients with coronary artery disease based on health belief model(HBM): a cross
引用本文
方嘉列, 陳婉莉, 王靜雅, 趙杰, 王繼偉, 邵春海. 基于健康信念模型(HBM)的社區(qū)冠心病患者遵醫(yī)行為影響因素的橫斷面研究[J]. 復旦學報醫(yī)學版, 2020, 47(3): 378-384, 391.
FANG Jia-lie, CHEN Wan-li, WANG Jing-ya, ZHAO Jie, WANG Ji-wei, SHAO Chun-hai. Factors associated with medication adherence in community patients with coronary artery disease based on health belief model(HBM): a cross-sectional study[J]. Fudan University Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020, 47(3): 378-384, 391.
基于健康信念模型(HBM)的社區(qū)冠心病患者遵醫(yī)行為影響因素的橫斷面研究
, 陳婉莉2 , 王靜雅2 , 趙杰2 , 王繼偉2 , 邵春海3,4
1. 上海市靜安區(qū)疾病預防控制中心 上海 200072;
2. 復旦大學公共衛(wèi)生學院-國家衛(wèi)生計生委衛(wèi)生技術(shù)評估重點實驗室 上海 200032;
3. 復旦大學附屬華山醫(yī)院營養(yǎng)科 上海 200040;
4. 復旦大學附屬上海市第五人民醫(yī)院營養(yǎng)科 上海 200240
收稿日期:2019-07-01;網(wǎng)絡首發(fā)時間: 2020-05-27 13:49:36
基金項目:上海市靜安區(qū)科委醫(yī)學科研課題(2016MS15)
摘要:目的 以健康信念模型(health belief model,HBM)為理論基礎(chǔ),探索影響冠心病患者遵醫(yī)行為的影響因素。方法 采用橫斷面調(diào)查研究,對上海市靜安區(qū)189例社區(qū)冠心病患者進行問卷調(diào)查。調(diào)查內(nèi)容包括人口社會學特征、冠心病患病情況、健康信念模型維度(疾病易感性、疾病嚴重性、行為益處、行為障礙和自我效能);通過Morisky量表評價服藥依從性和健康促進生活方式量表Ⅱ(health promoting lifestyle profile Ⅱ,HPLP-Ⅱ)評價健康生活方式的依從性。采用t檢驗和F檢驗分析人口學特征對健康促進生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為的影響。采用Pearson相關(guān)分析和多元線性回歸分析健康信念模型各維度與健康促進生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為之間的關(guān)系。結(jié)果 189例患者中,男性占38.6%,女性占61.4%,137例大于60歲。健康信念模型各維度與健康促進生活方式各維度及遵醫(yī)服藥行為均成顯著正相關(guān),r值為0.173~0.734。多元線性回歸分析結(jié)果顯示:感知障礙(β=0.190,P=0.021)對健康責任的影響有統(tǒng)計學意義(R2=0.073,P=0.016),感知易感性(β=0.134,P=0.008)對身體活動的影響有統(tǒng)計學意義(R2=0.274,P<0.001),感知嚴重性(β=0.221,P=0.005)和感知益處(β=0.100,P=0.008)對精神成長的影響有統(tǒng)計學意義(R2=0.423,P<0.001),感知益處(β=0.181,P=0.026)對壓力管理的影響有統(tǒng)計學意義(R2=0.302,P<0.001);感知易感性(β=0.689,P=0.027)、感知嚴重性(β=0.580,P=0.003)、感知障礙(β=0.689,P=0.002)和自我效能(β=0.417,P=0.023)對遵醫(yī)服藥行為的影響有統(tǒng)計學意義(R2=0.645,P<0.001)。結(jié)論 健康信念模型中各維度對冠心病患者的遵醫(yī)服藥行為和健康促進生活方式有影響,可以通過提升患者的健康信念,增強冠心病患者遵醫(yī)服藥行為和健康生活方式的依從性。
關(guān)鍵詞:冠心病 遵醫(yī)服藥行為 健康促進生活方式 健康信念模型(HBM)
Factors associated with medication adherence in community patients with coronary artery disease based on health belief model(HBM): a cross-sectional study
FANG Jia-lie1 , CHEN Wan-li2 , WANG Jing-ya2 , ZHAO Jie2 , WANG Ji-wei2 , SHAO Chun-hai3,4
1. Jing'an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200072, China;
2. Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of National Health Commission-School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
3. Department of Nutrition, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China;
4. Department of Nutrition, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
Foundation item: This work was supported by the Medical Research Project of Shanghai Jing'an District Science and Technology Commission (2016MS15)
Abstract: Objective To explore factors affecting medication adherence in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) based on Health Belief Model (HBM). Methods This community register-based, cross-sectional study consisted of individuals diagnosed with CAD in Jing'an District of Shanghai (n=189).The data were obtained through face-to-face interviews using a questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics, CAD status, HBM variables, Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile Ⅱ (HPLP-Ⅱ), and the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scales (MMAS-8).The independent two-sample t-test and F-test were used to analyze the influence of demographic characteristics on health-promoting lifestyle and medication adherence.Pearson's correlations were used to analyze associations among variables.Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate effects of HBM variables on adherence to medication behavior, and health-promoting lifestyles. Results Among the 189 patients, 38.6% were males and 61.4% were females, 137 cases were over 60 years old. There were significant positive correlations between the HBM variables, adherence to health promoting lifestyles and medication behavior. The value of the correlation coefficient varies from 0.173 to 0.734. Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that the perceived barriers (β=0.190, P=0.021) on health responsibility (R2=0.073, P=0.016), the perceived susceptibility (β=0.134, P=0.008) on physical activity (R2=0.274, P < 0.001), the perceived severity (β=0.221, P=0.005) and the perceived benefits (β=0.100, P=0.008) on mental growth (R2=0.423, P < 0.001), the perceived benefit (β=0.181, P=0.026) on stress management (R2=0.302, P < 0.001), were significant impact factors, respectively.Additionally, the perceived susceptibility (β=0.689, P=0.027), perceived severity (β=0.580, P=0.003), perceived impairment (β=0.689, P=0.002), and self-efficacy (β=0.417, P=0.023) had a statistically significant effects on medication behavior (R2=0.645, P < 0.001). Conclusion The HBM provides a useful framework for investigating predictors of medication adherence in patients with CAD.Future intervention to improve medication adherence should focus on changing the health beliefs among patients with CAD.
Key words: coronary artery disease medication adherence health-promoting lifestyles health belief model(HBM)
2017年發(fā)布的《中國心血管病報告》推算,我國心血管疾病現(xiàn)患人數(shù)2.9億,其中冠心病1 100萬[1]。隨著人們生活方式、飲食習慣、工作方式的改變及遺傳因素的影響,我國冠心病的發(fā)病率逐漸上升,而發(fā)病年齡逐漸下降[2-3]。冠心病反復發(fā)作嚴重影響患者生活質(zhì)量,給個人、家庭及社會帶來沉重的經(jīng)濟負擔[4]。此外,冠心病還具有遷延不愈及治療周期長的特點, 故多數(shù)患者依從性差,預后轉(zhuǎn)歸不佳[5], 而依從性不佳對健康有許多不利影響[6-7]。一項針對3萬多名急性心肌梗死幸存者的縱向觀察研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),急性心肌梗死后第一年對他汀類藥物的依從性差,死亡風險增加25%[8]。此外,有研究顯示采取健康的生活方式與中年女性冠狀動脈事件發(fā)生率降低[9]和女性冠心病死亡風險降低有關(guān)[10]。因此,遵從醫(yī)務人員的建議堅持服藥、改變生活方式對冠心病的二級預防至關(guān)重要[11]。提高冠心病患者的服藥依從性、促進冠心病患者采取健康生活方式可以改善患者的預后和康復。
健康信念模型(health belief model, HBM)是考慮個人因素對行為方式影響的重要理論之一,強調(diào)個人對某一問題的態(tài)度和信念,以及對采取預防行為的利益和障礙評估后可能導致特定的行為[12]。健康信念模型通常包括5個維度,分別為感知易感性、感知嚴重性、感知益處、感知障礙和自我效能。感知易感性描述了人們在某些情況下知道他獲得負面健康結(jié)果的風險的主觀信念;感知嚴重性是指個人對潛在危害的主觀認知;感知益處是指對采取預防行為的好處的認知;感知障礙包括參與特定行為的主觀困難;自我效能指人對自己是否能夠成功地進行某一行為的主觀判斷。健康信念模型廣泛應用于解釋與健康有關(guān)的行為的改變,如飲食、身體活動以及高血壓、糖尿病患者的治療依從性,并指導健康行為干預[13-15],但較少用于解釋中國冠心病患者的遵醫(yī)服藥行為和健康生活方式。因此,本研究旨在以健康信念模型為理論基礎(chǔ),了解健康信念模型各維度對冠心病患者遵醫(yī)行為的影響,為改善冠心病患者的遵醫(yī)服藥行為和健康生活方式提供干預靶點。本研究中的遵醫(yī)行為包括遵醫(yī)服藥行為和采取健康生活方式兩方面。
資料和方法
研究對象 2018年6月至9月,我們通過上海市靜安區(qū)市民電子健康檔案平臺篩選調(diào)查對象,采用簡單隨機法選擇200名經(jīng)區(qū)級以上醫(yī)院確診、且在社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務中心定期隨診的冠心病患者進行調(diào)查。入選標準參考Honda等[16]的研究,符合以下情況之一的冠心病患者:冠狀動脈造影至少有1支病變狹窄程度≥50%;穩(wěn)定型心絞痛(stable angina, SA);不穩(wěn)定型心絞痛(unstable angina, USA);陳舊心肌梗死(old myocardial infarction, OMI);急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction, AMI);經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)術(shù)后;外科冠狀動脈搭橋(coronary artery bypass graft, CABG)術(shù)后;缺血性心肌病等。其他必須標準為18~70歲;具有讀寫和認知能力;無其他嚴重疾病。使用樣本量計算公式$n = frac{{{rm{z}}_{{mathit{α }}/2}^2pleft( {1 - p} right)}}{{{{rmjdrhzi9}^2}}}$,取α=0.05,d=0.15p。冠心病患者的服藥依從率為52.9%[17],據(jù)此計算樣本量為153,考慮20%的無應答率,將樣本量擴大至184,取整數(shù)200。本次研究共調(diào)查200例患者,回收問卷189份,回收率為94.5%,均為有效問卷。由靜安區(qū)社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務中心的醫(yī)師對調(diào)查對象進行問卷調(diào)查,調(diào)查前統(tǒng)一對調(diào)查員進行培訓。調(diào)查問卷當場回收。
調(diào)查問卷 健康信念模型問卷根據(jù)健康信念模型[18]自行編制而成,共15個條目,包括疾病的感知易感性、感知嚴重性、感知效益、感知障礙和自我效能等維度。采用5分Likert量表計分,分數(shù)越高表明健康信念越好。本研究中健康信念模型問卷的Cronbach's α為0.945,各維度的內(nèi)部一致性系數(shù)為0.675~0.917,信度良好。
健康促進生活方式量表Ⅱ(health-promoting lifestyle profile Ⅱ,HPLP-Ⅱ)[19]共包含52個項目,6個維度(健康責任、身體活動、營養(yǎng)、精神成長、人際關(guān)系和壓力管理)。所有項目都按照4分Likert量表(1分:從不;2分:有時;3分:經(jīng)常;4分:總是)計分。健康促進生活方式和各維度的得分使用52項和每個子量表(8項或9項)的平均得分來計算,分數(shù)越高表示健康行為水平越高。中文版HPLP-Ⅱ在國內(nèi)廣泛使用,具有良好的信效度[20-21],本研究中量表的Cronbach's α為0.964,各維度內(nèi)部一致性系數(shù)為0.806~0.906,信度良好。
遵醫(yī)服藥行為量表(Morisky Medication Adherence Scales,MMAS-8)[22]是使用最廣的用于測定遵醫(yī)服藥行為的自評問卷,共有8個條目,得分越高表明遵醫(yī)服藥行為越好。該量表中文版用于中國心血管疾病患者具有良好的信效度[23]。
統(tǒng)計學處理 統(tǒng)計軟件使用SPSS 22.0。對調(diào)查對象的基本情況進行描述性分析,計數(shù)資料用例數(shù)和百分數(shù)(%)表示,計量資料用x±s表示。采用t檢驗和F檢驗分析人口學特征對健康促進生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為的影響。采用Pearson相關(guān)分析和多元線性回歸分析健康信念模型、健康促進生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為之間的關(guān)系。所有統(tǒng)計學檢驗均為雙側(cè)檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
結(jié)果
調(diào)查對象基本情況 被調(diào)查者平均年齡為(64.04±9.93)歲,其中60歲及以下52人(27.5%);60歲以上137人(72.5%)。男性73名(38.6%)、女性116名(61.4%);被調(diào)查者月經(jīng)濟收入以3 000~4 000元為主(50.8%)。具體見表 1。
表 1 社區(qū)冠心病患者基本情況Tab 1 Basic situation of the community patients with coronary artery disease
Basic Features Number Composition ratio(%) Age(y) ≤60 52 27.5 >60 137 72.5 Gender Male 73 38.6 Female 116 61.4 Marital status Married 168 88.9 Othersa 21 11.1 Educational levels Junior high school and below 86 45.5 High school and so onb 92 48.7 Undergraduate and above 11 5.8 Employment status Ill retirement or retirement 157 83.1 Other 32 16.9 Monthly income(yuan) ≤3 000 36 19.0 3 000-4 000 96 50.8 >4 000 57 30.2 Average monthly household income(yuan) ≤3 000 25 13.2 3 000-6 000 103 54.5 >6 000 61 32.3aIncluding unmarried, divorced, widowed, separated and unmarried cohabitation; bIncluding secondary professional technical school, technical school, junior college and vocational high school.人口學特征對健康促進生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為的影響 t檢驗和F檢驗分析結(jié)果顯示,健康促進生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為在人口學特征上的差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(表 2)。性別、年齡、婚姻狀況、受教育程度和個人月收入等情況不會對健康促進生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為產(chǎn)生影響。
表 2 健康促進生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為在不同人口學特征社區(qū)冠心病患者中的分布Tab 2 Distributions of health promotion lifestyle and medication adherence in community patients with coronary artery disease and different sociodemographic characteristics
Index Health responsibility Physical activity Nutritional status Mental growth Interpersonal relationship Stress management Medication adherence Age(y) ≤60 2.43±0.49 2.20±0.62 2.64±0.52 2.60±0.73 2.62±0.52 2.31±0.46 5.37±2.23 >60 2.42±0.46 2.36±0.62 2.74±0.54 0.61±0.63 0.65±0.49 2.40±0.49 5.36±1.99 t 0.159 -1.496 -1.142 -0.100 -0.394 -1.132 0.018 P 0.874 0.136 0.255 0.920 0.694 0.259 0.986 Gender Male 2.45±0.47 2.31±0.64 2.67±0.54 2.63±0.65 2.67±0.51 2.39±0.48 5.49±2.06 Female 2.40±0.47 2.32±0.61 2.73±0.54 2.59±0.67 2.63±0.49 2.37±0.49 5.28±2.06 t 0.745 -0.103 -0.736 0.320 0.544 0.319 0.700 P 0.457 0.918 0.463 0.749 0.587 0.750 0.485 Marital status Married 2.44±0.47 2.34±0.60 2.72±0.51 2.62±0.63 2.66±0.48 2.39±0.48 5.36±2.06 Othersa 2.29±0.39 2.05±0.77 2.58±0.66 2.47±0.92 2.53±0.64 2.30±0.57 5.18±2.07 t 1.415 1.658 0.905 0.715 0.909 0.825 0.389 P 0.159 0.111 0.375 0.482 0.373 0.410 0.698 Educational levels Junior high school and below l 2.36±0.42 2.32±0.61 2.67±0.52 2.57±0.67 2.58±0.47 2.37±0.47 5.20±2.07 High school and so onb 2.47±0.51 2.28±0.63 2.74±0.55 2.61±0.66 2.69±0.50 2.37±0.49 5.48±2.00 Undergraduate and above 2.43±0.45 2.57±0.68 2.72±0.58 2.87±0.64 2.79±0.62 2.52±0.51 5.55±2.38 F 1.199 1.054 0.354 0.988 1.604 0.510 0.465 P 0.304 0.351 0.703 0.374 0.204 0.601 0.629 Monthly income(yuan) ≤3 000 2.45±0.42 2.28±0.64 2.72±0.54 2.56±0.68 2.63±0.44 2.39±0.49 4.97±2.06 3 000-4 000 2.37±0.48 2.27±0.64 2.68±0.54 2.56±0.70 2.58±0.52 2.35±0.53 5.59±1.98 >4 000 2.47±0.47 2.40±0.60 2.73±0.52 2.69±0.58 2.74±0.47 2.42±0.40 5.19±2.05 F 0.990 0.763 0.214 0.812 1.872 0.456 1.436 P 0.374 0.468 0.807 0.446 0.157 0.634 0.240aIncluding unmarried, divorced, widowed, separated and unmarried cohabitation; bIncluding Secondary professional technical school, technical school, junior college, vocational high school.健康信念模型與健康促進生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為的相關(guān)性 健康信念模型各維度與健康促進生活方式各維度及遵醫(yī)服藥行為均成顯著正相關(guān),相關(guān)系數(shù)范圍為0.173~0.734(表 3)。健康促進生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為的得分隨健康信念模型得分升高而升高。
表 3 社區(qū)冠心病患者健康信念模型、健康促進生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為的相關(guān)分析Tab 3 Correlation analysis of health belief model, health promotion lifestyle and medication behavior in community patients with coronary artery disease
Index x±s Cronbach's α 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1.The perceived susceptibility 3.34±0.53 0.818 1 2.The perceived severity 3.45±0.76 0.903 0.741(1) 1 3.The perceived benefits 3.21±0.75 0.917 0.780(1) 0.703(1) 1 4.The perceived barriers 3.13±0.65 0.675 0.643(1) 0.567(1) 0.765(1) 1 5.Self-efficacy 2.90±0.76 0.726 0.665(1) 0.632(1) 0.715(1) 0.641(1) 1 6.Health responsibility 2.42±0.47 0.827 0.177(2) 0.133 0.206(1) 0.268(1) 0.173(2) 1 7.Physical activity 2.31±0.62 0.875 0.501(1) 0.446(1) 0.467(1) 0.363(1) 0.348(1) 0.600(1) 1 8.Nutritional status 2.71±0.54 0.824 0.415(1) 0.408(1) 0.414(1) 0.390(1) 0.355(1) 0.678(1) 0.756(1) 1 9.Mental growth 2.61±0.66 0.906 0.569(1) 0.568(1) 0.604(1) 0.518(1) 0.432(1) 0.552(1) 0.699(1) 0.742(1) 1 10.Interpersonal relationship 2.64±0.50 0.844 0.431(1) 0.439(1) 0.468(1) 0.410(1) 0.361(1) 0.629(1) 0.573(1) 0.733(1) 0.845(1) 1 11.Stress management 2.38±0.48 0.806 0.484(1) 0.425(1) 0.530(1) 0.467(1) 0.426(1) 0.663(1) 0.778(1) 0.757(1) 0.815(1) 0.739(1) 1(1)Correlation is significant when the confidence (double test) is 0.01;(2)Correlation is significant when the confidence (double test) is 0.05.健康信念模型對健康促進生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為的影響 以健康促進生活方式各維度及遵醫(yī)服藥行為為因變量,健康信念模型各維度為自變量進行多元線性回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示:感知障礙(β=0.190,P=0.021)對健康責任的影響有統(tǒng)計學意義,感知易感性(β=0.134,P=0.008)對身體活動的影響有統(tǒng)計學意義,感知嚴重性(β=0.221,P=0.005)和感知益處(β=0.100,P=0.008)對精神成長的影響有統(tǒng)計學意義,感知益處(β=0.181,P=0.026)對壓力管理的影響有統(tǒng)計學意義;感知易感性(β=0.689,P=0.027)、感知嚴重性(β=0.580,P=0.003)、感知障礙(β=0.689,P=0.002)和自我效能(β=0.417,P=0.023)對遵醫(yī)服藥行為的影響有統(tǒng)計學意義(表 4)。
表 4 社區(qū)冠心病患者健康信念模型、健康促進生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為的多元線性回歸分析Tab 4 Multiple linear regression analysis of health belief model, health promotion lifestyle and medication behavior in community patients with coronary artery disease
Dependent variable Independent variable B value Standard error β value t value P R2 F value P Health responsibility The perceived susceptibility 0.030 0.113 0.034 0.268 0.789 0.073 2.874 0.016 The perceived severity -0.034 0.070 -0.054 -0.483 0.630 The perceived benefits 0.005 0.089 0.009 0.060 0.952 The perceived barriers 0.190 0.082 0.263 2.325 0.021 Self-efficacy 0.006 0.067 0.010 0.091 0.928 Physical activity The perceived susceptibility 0.357 0.134 0.302 2.666 0.008 0.274 13.827 <0.001 The perceived severity 0.112 0.082 0.136 1.361 0.175 The perceived benefits 0.162 0.106 0.196 1.530 0.128 The perceived barriers -0.012 0.097 -0.012 -0.124 0.901 Self-efficacy -0.058 0.079 -0.070 -0.731 0.465 Nutritional status The perceived susceptibility 0.133 0.120 0.131 1.114 0.267 0.215 10.030 <0.001 The perceived severity 0.119 0.074 0.168 1.619 0.107 The perceived benefits 0.047 0.094 0.066 0.500 0.618 The perceived barriers 0.123 0.087 0.148 1.416 0.158 Self-efficacy 0.014 0.070 0.019 0.194 0.846 Mental growth The perceived susceptibility 0.180 0.127 0.143 1.418 0.158 0.423 26.781 <0.001 The perceived severity 0.221 0.078 0.253 2.841 0.005 The perceived benefits 0.267 0.100 0.305 2.677 0.008 The perceived barriers 0.131 0.092 0.128 1.428 0.155 Self-efficacy -0.107 0.075 -0.123 -1.438 0.152 Interpersonal relationship The perceived susceptibility 0.067 0.108 0.071 0.618 0.538 0.250 12.172 <0.001 The perceived severity 0.127 0.067 0.193 1.902 0.059 The perceived benefits 0.141 0.085 0.215 1.651 0.100 The perceived barriers 0.086 0.078 0.112 1.098 0.274 Self-efficacy -0.022 0.064 -0.033 -0.342 0.733 Stress management The perceived susceptibility 0.126 0.102 0.137 1.236 0.218 0.302 15.824 <0.001 The perceived severity 0.023 0.063 0.036 0.368 0.713 The perceived benefits 0.181 0.081 0.281 2.243 0.026 The perceived barriers 0.091 0.074 0.121 1.230 0.220 Self-efficacy 0.022 0.060 0.034 0.360 0.720 Medication adherence The perceived susceptibility 0.689 0.310 0.177 2.225 0.027 0.645 66.587 <0.001 The perceived severity 0.580 0.191 0.213 3.044 0.003 The perceived benefits 0.461 0.245 0.169 1.883 0.061 The perceived barriers 0.689 0.224 0.217 3.082 0.002 Self-efficacy 0.417 0.182 0.154 2.290 0.023討論
本研究通過對冠心病患者健康促進生活方式及遵醫(yī)服藥行為的調(diào)查,評估了健康信念模型各維度對冠心病患者遵醫(yī)行為的影響。多元回歸分析結(jié)果表明健康信念模型中感知易感性、感知嚴重性、感知障礙和自我效能是遵醫(yī)服藥行為的影響因素;感知障礙是健康責任的影響因素,感知易感性是身體活動的影響因素,感知嚴重性和感知益處是精神成長的影響因素,感知益處是壓力管理的影響因素。
患者對健康促進生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為的依從性不受性別、年齡、婚姻狀況、受教育程度和個人月收入等因素的影響。也有研究表明年齡、受教育程度、個人月收入等是冠心病患者健康促進生活方式的影響因素[24-25]。Kulkarni等[26]對1 326名冠心病患者的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示,性別、受教育程度和婚姻狀況是遵醫(yī)服藥行為的影響因素,男性、受教育程度較高和已婚的患者依從性更好。本研究結(jié)果與其他類似研究結(jié)果有差異,提示我們應關(guān)注人口社會學因素以外的其他可干預變量對健康促進生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為的影響。
感知易感性和感知嚴重性是患者對自己所患疾病的認識,患有相同疾病的患者可能對其病情有不同的認識[27],從而導致治療依從性的不同。冠心病患者意識到疾病對健康的嚴重危害,或認為自己發(fā)生心梗的可能性較高時,更傾向于聽從醫(yī)師的建議,服藥的依從性更高,也更注重健康的生活方式。自我效能是慢性病患者的廣泛健康行為的已知預測因子,包括藥物依從性[28]。自我效能較高、感知障礙較少的個體更易遵從醫(yī)師的建議服藥。當患者具有高度的自信心和毅力時,就可以在長期的治療中堅持下來,從而達到自我期望的結(jié)果。
健康責任是指個人對自己的健康狀況有積極的責任感,包括關(guān)注自己的健康,了解如何保持健康以及如何尋求專業(yè)的幫助[19]。感知障礙是健康責任的影響因素,感知障礙越少,個人的健康責任越高。冠心病患者若主觀上認為困難少,可增強其對自身健康負責的信心,從而愿意在日常生活中關(guān)注自身健康。感知易感性是身體活動的正向影響因素。要發(fā)生行為改變,人們必須感受到當前行為模式的威脅,并認為通過改變可以獲得有益的結(jié)果,也要有能力進行改變[29]。冠心病患者基于對疾病的認識及目前身體狀況判斷自己容易發(fā)生或再次發(fā)生心梗,會促使患者遵從醫(yī)師建議的生活方式,從而增加身體活動。感知益處對精神成長和壓力管理有正向影響。冠心病患者在日常生活中需要面對疾病帶來的壓力,如焦慮、抑郁、身體活動受限,以及疾病帶來的經(jīng)濟壓力等問題,當患者感知采取健康生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為對于自己的病情有幫助時,可以增加個人對疾病的控制感,有助于患者的精神成長和壓力管理。
健康信念模型對遵醫(yī)服藥行為和健康促進生活方式有積極影響,健康信念得分越高, 患者對健康促進生活方式和遵醫(yī)服藥行為的依從性越好。這表明進行健康教育,使患者意識到冠心病的嚴重性以及改變生活方式對健康的益處,可以改善服藥依從性,增加身體活動。健康的生活方式不僅是適量的身體活動,還包括均衡的營養(yǎng)、良好的人際關(guān)系等,因此生活方式的改變還需要外部支持,如家人、朋友的支持、周邊環(huán)境的改善等。沒有任何單一的方法能有效改善患者的依從性[30],提高冠心病患者的遵醫(yī)行為不僅要醫(yī)師的幫助,還需要家人和社會的支持。
本研究還存在一些局限性:(1)本次調(diào)查中拒絕參加調(diào)查者11人,其中男性8人、女性3人,可能導致無應答偏倚。(2)本次研究樣本量較少,無法按疾病類型進行亞組分析,疾病類型可能與冠心病患者遵醫(yī)行為有密切關(guān)系,未來可進行進一步研究。(3)本研究為橫斷面研究,無法確定健康信念和遵醫(yī)行為的因果關(guān)系,需進行干預研究以驗證兩者之間的關(guān)系。
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