摘要:

背景

青年的營(yíng)養(yǎng)健康對(duì)國(guó)家的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展至關(guān)重要。目前我國(guó)對(duì)兒童、孕婦、老年人等重點(diǎn)人群的營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況研究較多，但缺乏對(duì)青年人群的研究。

目的

描述分析我國(guó)15省(自治區(qū)/直轄市) 18~35歲青年食物攝入現(xiàn)狀。

方法

以“中國(guó)健康與營(yíng)養(yǎng)調(diào)查”2018年隨訪調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)，選擇1 664名18~35歲青年為研究對(duì)象，并按不同年齡、性別、城鄉(xiāng)、地區(qū)進(jìn)行分組。通過(guò)入戶面訪形式，使用連續(xù)3天24小時(shí)回顧膳食調(diào)查和調(diào)味品稱重法記錄數(shù)據(jù)，分析各類食物攝入量，并與2016版中國(guó)居民平衡膳食寶塔推薦攝入量進(jìn)行對(duì)比分析。

結(jié)果

我國(guó)18~35歲青年奶及奶制品人均攝入量28.4 g·d-1，農(nóng)村及中部地區(qū)分別為18.4、13.2 g·d-1，超98%目標(biāo)人群低于2016版膳食指南推薦量(300 g·d-1)；蔬菜、深色蔬菜攝入量農(nóng)村(242.0、54.1 g·d-1)高于城市(210.9、49.3 g·d-1)，全國(guó)73.6%、87.0%青年攝入不足；水果攝入量在男性、農(nóng)村、西部地區(qū)分別為32.6、40.2、35.6 g·d-1，攝入不足比例分別為97.0%、95.9%、95.9%；畜禽肉類攝入超標(biāo)比例男性(70.6%)高于女性(57.9%)、西部(71.1%)高于中部(57.2%)和東部(60.9%)，且差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)；大豆及堅(jiān)果類、蛋類、水產(chǎn)品類總體攝入不足比例分別高達(dá)82.6%、72.6%、74.5%。分別有46.3%、48.6%目標(biāo)人群食用油、烹調(diào)鹽攝入超過(guò)推薦量，且呈現(xiàn)女性(42.5%、44.2%)低于男性(50.4%、53.3%)、城市(40.8%、45.6%)低于農(nóng)村(49.9%、50.5%)、東部(38.7%、41.9%)低于中部(51.9%、55.7%)和西部(48.9%、49.3%)的趨勢(shì)。城市青年糖類攝入量為農(nóng)村2.6倍；酒類攝入量25~35歲高年齡段是18~24歲低年齡段7.0倍。

結(jié)論

我國(guó)15省(自治區(qū)/直轄市) 18~35歲青年人群膳食質(zhì)量受城鄉(xiāng)、地區(qū)影響較大，膳食結(jié)構(gòu)不合理問(wèn)題依然突出。各類食物攝入不足或攝入超標(biāo)問(wèn)題普遍存在，奶及奶制品攝入不足問(wèn)題尤為嚴(yán)峻，我國(guó)西部農(nóng)村地區(qū)青年膳食結(jié)構(gòu)不合理問(wèn)題最為突出。

Abstract:

Background

Nutrition and health of the youth is crucial to the long-term development of a country. There are many studies reporting the nutritional status of vulnerable populations such as children, pregnant women, and the elderly in China, but few studies focus on the youth.

Objective

This study aims to describe and analyze the current situation of food intake among the youth aged from 18 to 35 years in 15 provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities) of China.

Methods

Based on the follow-up data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2018, a total of 1 664 youth aged 18-35 years were selected and grouped by age, gender, residence in urban or rural area, and region. Household dietary surveys were conducted using 24-hour dietary recall in three consecutive days and weighing condiment. The dietary status of the participants was evaluated using the recommended intakes of the dietary pagoda for Chinese residents (2016).

Results

The average intake of milk and dairy products among the Chinese youth aged 18 to 35 years in China was 28.4 g·d-1, the values were 18.4 g·d-1 in rural areas and 13.2 g·d-1 in central region of China, and over 98% of the target population did not meet the recommended intake (300 g·d-1) of the dietary pagoda for Chinese residents (2016). The average intakes of vegetables and dark vegetables in rural areas (242.0 and 54.1 g·d-1) were higher than the intakes in urban areas (210.9 and 49.3 g·d-1), and 73% and 87% of the youth showed insufficient intakes respectively. The average fruit intakes in males, rural areas, and western region were 32.6, 40.2, and 35.6 g·d-1, respectively, and the proportions of the youth with insufficient intakes were 97.0%, 95.9%, and 95.9%, respectively. More males (vs females, 70.6% vs 57.9%), the youth living in western region (vs central region, 71.1% vs 57.2%; vs eastern region, 71.1% vs 60.9%) showed excessive intakes of meats, livestock, and poultry (P < 0.01). The proportions of the youth with insufficient intakes of soybeans and nuts, eggs, and aquatic products were 82.6%, 72.6%, and 74.5% respectively. The intakes of edible oil and cooking salt in about half of the target population (46.3% and 48.6%) were higher than the recommended values, and the values were lower in females (42.5% and 44.2%) than in males (50.4% and 53.3%), lower in urban areas (40.8% and 45.6%) than in rural areas (49.9% and 50.5%), lower in eastern region (38.7% and 41.9%) than in central region (51.9% and 55.7%) and western region (48.9% and 49.3%). The sugar intake of the youth in urban areas was 2.6 times of those in rural areas, and the alcohol intake of the 25-35 years was 7 times of the 18-24 years.

Conclusion

Dietary quality is impacted by regions and residence in urban or rural areas among the youth aged 18-35 years in 15 Chinese provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities), and the problem of improper dietary structure is still prominent, particularly in rural areas of western China. Insufficient or excessive intakes of various types of foods are common, especially insufficient intake of milk and dairy products.

表  1   2018年我國(guó)15省(自治區(qū)/直轄市)18~35歲不同特征青年樣本量分布情況

Table  1   Sample size distribution of the youth aged 18-35 years with different characteristics in 15 provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities) of China in 2018

類別
Item 分組
Group 樣本量
Sample size 構(gòu)成比/%
Percentage/% 性別(Sex) 男性(Male) 793 47.7 女性(Female) 871 52.3 年齡/歲(Age/years) 18~24 313 18.8 25~35 1351 81.2 城鄉(xiāng)(Residence) 城市(Urban) 1 002 60.2 農(nóng)村(Rural) 662 39.8 地區(qū)(Region) 東部(East) 558 33.5 中部(Middle) 449 27.0 西部(West) 657 39.5 合計(jì)(Total) 1 664 100.0

表  2   2018年我國(guó)15省(自治區(qū)/直轄市)18~35歲不同特征青年食物攝入情況(n=1 664)

Table  2   Food intake of the youth aged 18-35 years with different characteristics in 15 provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities) of China in 2018 (n=1664) 單位(Unit): g·d-1

類別(Category) 性別(Sex) 年齡/歲(Age/years) 城鄉(xiāng)(Residence) 地區(qū)(Region) 合計(jì)(Total) 男性(Male) 女性(Female) 18~24 25~35 農(nóng)村(Rural) 城市(Urban) 東部(Eastern) 中部(Central) 西部(Western) 谷薯類
Cereals and potatoes 447.9±216.9* 351.3±163.1* 376.9±194.7 402.1±196.8 425.8±208.6* 354.2±168.0* 338.0±167.3b 403.8±169.3a 443.3±222.4c 397.3±196.6   米及米制品
Rice and rice products 251.1±199.2* 193.8±145.4* 205.6±163.8 224.7±177.9 241.7±190.8* 189.9±143.8* 154.9±122.7b 190.3±128.5a 298.4±208.8c 221.1±175.4   面及面制品
Flour and its products 147.3±150.8* 108.5±107.4* 125.3±135.6 127.4±130.3 131.6±138.8 120.0±118.8 130.4±125.4b 160.2±148.4a 101.3±117.8c 127.0±131.3   薯類(Potato) 28.1±49.7 29.0±43.0 26.8±52.1 29.0±44.9 30.8±50.7 25.3±38.6 21.1±35.3b 36.5±51.0a 29.6±50.1c 28.6±46.3 蔬菜類(Vegetable) 242.3±138.2* 218.1±124.9* 223.2±135.3 231.1±131.1 242.0±137.9* 210.9±120.0* 210.4±120.2b 247.9±133.2a 233.5±138.4a 229.6±131.9   深色蔬菜
Dark green vegetable 54.3±60.7 50.2±56.5 57.2±63.1 51.0±57.4 54.1±60.6 49.3±55.2 45.4±50.2a 55.7±61.8a 55.5±62.3a 52.2±58.5 水果類(Fruits) 32.6±60.6* 56.7±83.2* 41.0±65.7 46.2±76.1 40.2±69.4* 52.8±80.6* 59.6±78.5b 41.4±73.7a 35.6±69.0a 45.2±74.3 畜禽肉類
Meat，livestock，and poultry 138.7±111.4* 103.4±83.3* 122.1±92.1 119.8±100.9 120.1±108.9 120.4±82.7 109.2±85.2a 100.5±82.1a 143.0±115.4b 120.2±99.3   畜肉類(Meat) 113.8±100.2* 83.1±73.0* 97.4±79.1 97.8±90.4 98.9±97.9 96.0±71.5 84.1±72.1a 81.9±73.1a 120.1±104.4b 97.7±88.4   禽肉類
Livestock and poultry 24.9±44.0 20.3±34.8 24.7±42.6 22.0±38.7 21.2±39.4* 24.5±39.6* 25.1±43.3b 18.6±33.7a 22.9±39.6 22.5±39.5 水產(chǎn)品類
Aquatic products 30.5±51.7 26.6±50.3 24.3±45.8 29.4±52.1 26.0±47.6* 32.2±55.6* 38.5±58.2b 30.9±55.2a 18.3±38.0c 28.5±51.0 蛋類(Eggs) 28.9±36.1 26.1±29.8 26.6±33.4 27.6±32.9 24.9±31.5* 31.3±34.7* 36.2±36.3b 30.7±32.3a 17.8±27.6c 27.4±33.0 奶及奶制品
Milk and dairy products 24.8±61.7* 31.7±67.6* 39.8±77.8* 25.8±61.3* 18.4±51.0* 43.5±79.2* 51.6±81.3b 13.2±43.8a 19.1±55.2a 28.4±64.9 大豆及堅(jiān)果類
Soybeans and nuts 15.0±27.9 13.2±20.2 13.6±31.2 14.2±22.3 13.6±25.2 14.8±22.6 16.3±25.2a 15.9±28.2a 10.9±19.6b 14.1±24.2 食用油(Edible oil) 37.7±36.0* 31.2±26.6* 34.4±32.8 34.3±31.3 36.2±31.6* 31.4±31.3* 29.7±25.9b 36.4±28.8a 36.8±37.0a 34.3±31.6   植物油(Vegetable oil) 33.5±32.6* 27.0±23.4* 30.0±30.1 30.2±27.9 30.9±28.5 29.0±28.0 28.8±25.7b 32.7±26.4a 29.5±31.5b 30.1±28.3   動(dòng)物油(Animal oil) 4.2±18.8 4.1±16.2 4.5±18.7 4.1±17.2 5.3±18.3* 2.4±16.1* 0.8±6.6b 3.7±14.8a 7.3±23.9c 4.2±17.5 烹調(diào)鹽(Cooking salt) 7.9±6.6* 6.9±6.1* 7.2±5.7 7.4±6.5 7.6±6.5 7.0±6.1 6.6±5.4b 7.5±5.4a 7.9±7.6a 7.4±6.4 糖類(Sugar) 1.7±9.4 1.3±3.7 2.0±7.6* 1.3±6.9* 0.9±3.3* 2.3±10.3* 2.9±10.9b 0.6±2.5a 0.9±4.1c 1.5±7.0 酒類(Alcohol) 1.0±5.5* 0.2±2.1* 0.1±0.9 0.7±4.6 0.8±5.1* 0.2±1.8* 0.7±4.3b 0.6±5.2a 0.4±2.9b 0.6±4.1 [注]食物攝入量經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)為非正態(tài)分布，但因多組中位數(shù)為0，因此選用均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示平均水平。性別、年齡、城鄉(xiāng)的數(shù)值中標(biāo)注*表示具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異，P < 0.01。地區(qū)采用DSCF法兩兩比較，不同字母的兩組差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)，無(wú)字母則表示與另外兩組比較均無(wú)差異。
[Note] The food intakes are tested to be non-normal distribution, but the medians of many groups are 0, so the data are described as mean ± standard deviation. * marked in the sex, age, and residence categories indicate a statistical difference, P < 0.01. Using DSCF method for pairwise comparison for the region category, the two groups with different letters have a statistical difference (P < 0.01), but not the case in reverse.

表  3   2018年我國(guó)15省(自治區(qū)/直轄市)18~35歲不同特征青年食物攝入量與推薦值相比異常比例

Table  3   Percentages of the youth aged 18-35 years having discrepancy with recommended food intakes against different characteristics from 15 Chinese provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities) of China in 2018  單位(Unit): %

類別
Category 與推薦值比較
Compare with the recommended values 性別(Sex) 年齡/歲(Age/years) 鄉(xiāng)(Residence) 地區(qū)(Region) 合計(jì)
Total 男性
Male 女性
Female 18~24 25~35 農(nóng)村
Rural 城市
Urban 東部
Eastern 中部
Central 西部
Western 谷薯類(Cereals and potatoes) 低(Below) 14.4* 29.1* 29.1* 20.4* 17.4* 29.2* 35.5b 14.9a 15.5a 22.1   薯類(Potato) 低(Below) 77.7 77.5 78.3 77.4 76.1 79.9 84.2b 69.5a 77.5c 77.6 蔬菜類(Vegetable) 低(Below) 70.1* 76.8* 77.6 72.7 70.0* 79.2* 80.3b 66.2a 73.1c 73.6   深色蔬菜(Dark green vegetable) 低(Below) 86.6 87.4 82.1 88.2 85.8 88.8 87.8a 88.2a 85.5a 87.0 水果類(Fruits) 低(Below) 97.0* 93.2* 95.2 95.0 95.9 93.7 93.6a 95.6a 95.9a 95.0 畜禽肉類(Meat，livestock，and poultry) 高(Above) 70.6* 57.9* 65.5 63.6 61.6 67.5 60.9b 57.2a 71.1c 63.9 水產(chǎn)品類(Aquatic products) 低(Below) 72.6 76.2 78.3 73.7 76.8 71.2 64.7b 74.8a 82.7c 74.5 蛋類(Eggs) 低(Below) 71.8 73.4 72.5 72.6 76.6* 66.6* 61.8a 67.3a 85.4c 72.6 奶及奶制品(Milk and dairy products) 低(Below) 99.4 99.4 99.7 99.3 99.8 98.8 98.8a 99.8a 99.7a 99.4 大豆及堅(jiān)果類(Soybeans and nuts) 低(Below) 81.5 83.7 85.6 81.9 82.7 82.5 80.1a 78.2a 87.8b 82.6 食用油(Edible oil) 高(Above) 50.4* 42.5* 47.9 45.9 49.9* 40.8* 38.7b 51.9a 48.9a 46.3 烹調(diào)鹽(Cooking salt) 高(Above) 53.3* 44.2* 49.2 48.4 50.5 45.6 41.9b 55.7a 49.3a 48.6 [注]數(shù)值中標(biāo)注*表示具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異，P < 0.01。地區(qū)兩兩比較采用Bonferroni法校正，不同字母的兩組差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P < 0.01)。
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