摘要: 為探討飼料能量密度(DED)和投喂水平(DFR)對(duì)魚類生長和健康的影響, 本試驗(yàn)采用2×2雙因子設(shè)計(jì), 設(shè)置2個(gè)DED(對(duì)照組和高糖高脂組)和2個(gè)DFR(1倍和1.2倍表觀飽食投喂對(duì)照組飼料的能量水平), 研究DED和DFR對(duì)吉富羅非魚[Oreochromis niloticus, (14.59±0.06) g]生長性能、飼料利用、體成分、血液學(xué)指標(biāo)和抵抗無乳鏈球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)感染能力的影響。試驗(yàn)以40d為1個(gè)周期, 持續(xù)2個(gè)周期(周期Ⅰ和周期Ⅱ)。研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn), DED和DFR均未影響試驗(yàn)魚的飼料效率(P>0.05)。DED未影響試驗(yàn)魚的生長(P>0.05)。高DFR提升了試驗(yàn)魚的末重(P<0.05), 但降低了周期Ⅱ的蛋白質(zhì)沉積率(P<0.05)。DED和DFR均未影響試驗(yàn)魚的肥滿度(P>0.05)。在周期Ⅰ, 高DED僅增加了試驗(yàn)魚的臟體比(P<0.05); 但在周期Ⅱ, DED和DFR對(duì)試驗(yàn)魚的腸體比和臟體比也產(chǎn)生了顯著影響(P<0.05)。在周期Ⅰ, 高DED引起了去內(nèi)臟全魚、內(nèi)臟團(tuán)粗脂肪含量顯著升高(P<0.05), 高DFR引起了肝臟粗脂肪含量顯著升高(P<0.05); 而在周期Ⅱ, 高DED和DFR均引起了去內(nèi)臟全魚、肝臟和肌肉粗脂肪含量顯著升高(P<0.05)。在試驗(yàn)期內(nèi), 高DED和DFR顯著升高了試驗(yàn)魚的血清甘油三酯、丙二醛含量(P<0.05)和周期Ⅰ的血細(xì)胞比容(P<0.05), 降低了周期Ⅱ的白細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)(P<0.05); 高DED升高了試驗(yàn)魚的血清堿性磷酸酶活性和周期Ⅱ的血清膽固醇水平(P<0.05), 降低了周期Ⅰ的過氧化氫酶和谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶活性(P<0.05); 高DFR顯著升高周期Ⅰ試驗(yàn)魚的血糖水平(P<0.05)。無乳鏈球菌感染試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn), 在周期Ⅰ, DED和DFR對(duì)試驗(yàn)魚的成活率無顯著影響(P>0.05); 可在周期Ⅱ, 高DFR造成試驗(yàn)魚成活率顯著降低(P<0.05)。以上結(jié)果表明, 高DFR能提高羅非魚的生長速度, 但是會(huì)增加魚體的脂肪沉積, 降低魚體健康水平; 高DED更易于魚體脂肪沉積, 不利于魚體健康。

關(guān)鍵詞: 飼料能量密度  /  投喂量  /  羅非魚  /  生長  /  體成分  /  血液學(xué)  /  抗病力  

Abstract: To investigate the effects of dietary energy density (DED) and dietary feed ration (DFR) on fish growth and health, a 2×2 factorial experiment was designed, including 2 DED (control diet and high carbohydrate and fat diet) and 2 DFR (1 and 1.2 times energy level of fish fed to control diet apparent satiation). To evaluate the effects of DED and DFR on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, hematological indices and resistant to Streptococcus agalactiae infection of genetically improved farmed tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (14.59±0.06) g, the study set 40d as a cycle for 2 cycles (period Ⅰ and Ⅱ). The results showed that DED and DFR did not affect the feed efficiency (P>0.05), and DED did not affect the fish growth performance (P>0.05). High DFR improved the final mean weight (P<0.05), but reduced protein retention during period Ⅱ (P<0.05). DED and DFR had no impact on the conditional factor (P>0.05); in period Ⅰ, high DED only induced the viscerasomatic index (P<0.05), but in period Ⅱ, DED and DFR had significant effects on intestinal-somatic index and viscerasomatic index (P<0.05). High DED increased crude lipid content in the eviscerated whole fish and visceral mass (P<0.05); in period Ⅰ, high DFR enhanced crude lipid content in the liver (P<0.05), and in period Ⅱ, high DED and DFR induced crude lipid content in the eviscerated whole fish, liver, and muscle (P<0.05). High DED and DFR increased in the serum triglycerides and malondialdehyde content (P<0.05), and hematocrit in period Ⅰ(P<0.05), but it decreased the white cell count in period Ⅱ (P<0.05); high DED increased the serum alkaline phosphatase activity, and serum cholesterol (period Ⅱ) (P<0.05), but decreased the catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity (period Ⅰ) (P<0.05); high DFR increased the serum glucose levels (P<0.05). After infection with S. Agalactiae, DED and DFR did not affect the survival rate in period Ⅰ (P>0.05); however, high DFR decreased the survival rate in period Ⅱ (P<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggested that high DFR could improve the growth rate of tilapia, increase the fat deposition and reduce the health level of fish, and DED is more prone to fat deposition to impact fish health.

圖  1   無乳鏈球菌攻毒中試驗(yàn)魚的累計(jì)成活率

A. 周期Ⅰ結(jié)束后攻毒結(jié)果; B. 周期Ⅱ結(jié)束后攻毒結(jié)果; 同一時(shí)間點(diǎn)具不同小寫字母表示差異顯著(P<0.05)

Figure  1.   Cumulative survival percentage of GIFT challenged by S. agalactiae

A. challenge results after period Ⅰ; B. challenge results after period Ⅱ. Different lowercase letters at the same time point indicate significant differences (P<0.05)

表  1   試驗(yàn)飼料配方和營養(yǎng)成分

Table  1   Formulation and composition of the experimental diets (%)

原料成分
Ingredient飼料Diet對(duì)照Control高糖高脂High carbohydrate-high lipid 酪蛋白Casein31.0031.00明膠Gelatin 7.00 7.00糊精Dextrin32.0042.00微晶纖維素Microcrystalline cellulose16.65 0.65大豆油Soybean oil 3.00 6.00玉米油Corn oil 3.00 6.00維生素預(yù)混料Vitamin premix* 1.00 1.00礦物質(zhì)預(yù)混料Mineral premix* 1.00 1.00磷酸二氫鈣Monocalcium phosphate 2.00 2.00氯化膽堿Choline chloride 0.25 0.25?；撬酺aurine 1.00 1.00沸石粉Zeolite powder 1.90 1.90二氧化鈦Titanium dioxide 0.20 0.20成分分析Proximate composition (dry matter, %)粗蛋白Crude protein34.2934.69粗脂肪Crude lipid 6.2612.63灰分Ash 4.61 4.64總能Total energy (kJ/g)21.9423.92可消化能Digestible energy (kJ/g)17.2620.76 注: *維生素預(yù)混料由下列成分組成(g/kg預(yù)混料): 硫胺素鹽酸鹽. 5; 核黃素. 5; 泛酸鈣. 10; D-生物素. 0.003; 鹽酸吡哆醇. 4; 葉酸. 1.5; 肌醇. 200; L-維生素C-2-磷酸鎂. 3.95; 煙酸. 6.05; α-維生素E醋酸酯. 50; 維生素K3. 4; 視黃醇乙酸酯. 0.4; 維生素D3. 160000 IU; 添加微晶纖維素至1 kg; *礦物質(zhì)預(yù)混料由下列成分組成(g/kg 預(yù)混料): 磷酸二氫鈣. 135; 乳酸鈣. 327; 硫酸亞鐵. 2.125; 硫酸鎂. 137; 磷酸二氫鈉. 87.2; 氯化鈉. 43.5; 氯化鋁. 0.15; 碘酸鉀. 0.125; 氯化鉀. 75; 氯化銅. 0.1; 硫酸錳. 0.8; 氯化鈷. l; 硫酸鋅. 3; 添加微晶纖維素至1 kgNote: * Vitamin premix consists of the following ingredients (g/kg premix): thiamine hydrochloride. 5; riboflavin. 5; calcium pantothenate. 10; d-biotin. 0.003; pyridoxine hydrochloride. 4; folic acid. 1.5; inositol. 200; magnesium L-vitamin C-2-phosphate. 3.95; niacin. 6.05; vitamin E acetate. 50; vitamin K3. 4; retinol acetate. 0.4; vitamin D3. 160000 IU; add microcrystalline cellulose to 1 kg; *Mineral premix consists of the following ingredients (g/kg premix): calcium dihydrogen phosphate. 135; calcium lactate. 327; ferrous sulfate. 2.125; magnesium sulfate. 137; sodium dihydrogen phosphate. 87.2; sodium chloride. 43.5; aluminium chloride. 0.15; potassium iodate. 0.125; potassium chloride. 75; copper chloride. 0.1; manganese sulfate. 0.8; cobalt chloride. 1; zinc sulfate. 3; add microcrystalline cellulose to 1 kg

表  2   飼料能量密度和投喂水平對(duì)試驗(yàn)魚生長和飼料利用效率的影響

Table  2   Effects of dietary energy density and feed ration on grow performance and feed utilization of GIFT (n=3)

指標(biāo)Index組別Group雙因素方差分析Two way ANOVACDCHCLDHCL能量密度
Energy
density投喂量
Feed
ration交互作用
Interaction 周期Ⅰ
Period Ⅰ初始平均體重Wi (g)14.77±0.0514.51±0.1414.66±0.0914.43±0.07末平均體重Wf (g)40.84±1.20a46.39±0.99b40.64±1.94a47.82±1.19b0.5970.0000.490成活率SR (%)98.99±1.1196.67±3.3396.11±0.5695.56±1.110.3270.4770.667特定生長率SGR (%/d)3.39±0.10a3.87±0.10b3.40±0.11a3.99±0.08b0.5330.0010.595增重率WGR (%)176.56±8.22a219.98±9.38b177.43±9.36a231.49±8.05b0.5000.0010.561飼料效率FE1.02±0.031.01±0.051.02±0.061.08±0.050.5290.5940.436蛋白質(zhì)沉積率PRE (%)49.49±1.1649.27±3.0449.80±3.2151.53±1.420.6050.7600.695周期Ⅱ
Period Ⅱ初始平均體重Wi (g)62.41±0.73a73.25±0.51b62.57±0.62a73.29±1.43b0.9160.0000.949末平均體重Wf (g)121.10±1.82a141.68±2.19b121.12±3.37a135.21±2.12b0.2240.0000.221成活率SR (%)100100100100特定生長率SGR (%)1.66±0.021.65±0.041.65±0.081.53±0.090.9710.4790.893增重率WGR (%)84.95±5.3690.88±6.1693.39±6.77104.46±6.490.3720.3640.427飼料效率FE0.80±0.020.78±0.030.81±0.050.77±0.040.3970.3720.433蛋白質(zhì)沉積率PRE (%)35.97±3.04b27.78±0.38a34.79±1.03ab31.87±1.74ab0.5230.0340.261 注: 表格中同行平均數(shù)上標(biāo)不同表示差異顯著(P<0.05); 下同Note: The mean values in the same row with different letters are significantly different (P<0.05). The same applies below

表  3   飼料能量密度和投喂水平對(duì)試驗(yàn)魚形體指標(biāo)的影響

Table  3   Effects of dietary energy density and feed ration on physical parameters of GIFT (n=3)

指標(biāo)Index組別Group雙因素方差分析Two way ANOVACDCHCLDHCL能量密度
Energy density投喂水平
Feed ration交互作用
Interaction 周期Ⅰ
Period Ⅰ腸體比ISI7.41±0.318.40±0.477.54±0.297.69±0.400.4610.1650.299肥滿度CF (g/cm3)3.43±0.013.51±0.053.58±0.083.58±0.080.1050.5200.530臟體比VSI 9.49±0.40a9.66±0.16a10.14±0.19ab10.89±0.08b0.0040.0920.258肝體比HSI 1.94±0.211.84±0.031.84±0.251.86±0.030.8150.8010.711周期Ⅱ
Period Ⅱ腸體比ISI7.89±0.26a9.60±0.21b7.91±0.43a8.20±0.27ab0.0380.0290.100肥滿度CF (g/cm3)4.34±0.114.30±0.254.44±0.134.38±0.130.9370.7520.964臟體比VSI10.33±0.19a13.68±0.14c12.05±0.35b15.08±0.26d0.0000.0000.543肝體比HSI1.80±0.18a3.69±0.09b2.46±0.30a3.95±0.37b0.1120.0000.471

表  4   飼料能量密度和投喂水平對(duì)周期Ⅰ試驗(yàn)魚體成分的影響 (n=3, %濕重)

Table  4   Effects of dietary energy density and feed ration on body composition of GIFT in period Ⅰ (n=3, % wet weight)

指標(biāo)Index組別Group雙因素方差分析Two way ANOVACDCHCLDHCL能量密度
Energy density投喂量
Feed ration交互作用
Interaction 去內(nèi)臟全魚
The eviscerated whole fish水分Moisture72.36±0.19b72.12±0.50b70.06±0.28a70.33±0.22a0.0000.9630.438粗脂肪Crude lipid6.62±0.35a6.44±0.54a8.43±0.32b8.66±0.10b0.0010.9560.583粗蛋白Crude protein16.24±0.1416.40±0.1516.56±0.2516.35±0.380.5960.9320.476灰分Ash4.35±0.11ab4.53±0.17b4.14±0.11ab3.98±0.07a0.0140.9070.199肝臟Liver水分Moisture68.70±0.7068.61±0.5366.79±0.5865.82±0.780.0090.4590.531粗脂肪Crude lipid9.98±0.9113.74±0.0711.94±0.3713.47±1.400.3510.0150.229粗蛋白Crude protein12.93±0.4712.76±0.7011.78±0.8312.13±0.360.1910.8860.684內(nèi)臟團(tuán)
Visceral
mass*水分Moisture74.26±1.8874.17±2.7168.07±2.5466.05±2.410.0180.6730.700粗脂肪Crude lipid8.87±0.06a9.08±0.50a17.82±1.57b19.84±1.88b0.0000.3980.493粗蛋白Crude protein8.36±0.178.28±0.358.08±0.218.56±0.300.9990.4710.320肌肉Muscle水分Moisture77.66±0.3177.09±0.4577.05±0.3276.69±0.590.2770.3220.814粗脂肪Crude lipid0.94±0.101.06±0.311.13±0.111.19±0.180.5010.5970.818粗蛋白Crude protein17.48±0.2017.72±0.2118.20±0.6918.44±0.510.1540.6200.999 注: *內(nèi)臟團(tuán)不包含肝臟; 下同Note: *Visceral masses do not contain the liver. The same applied below

表  5   飼料能量密度和投喂水平對(duì)周期Ⅱ試驗(yàn)魚體成分的影響 (n=3, %濕重)

Table  5   Effects of dietary energy density and feed ration on body composition of GIFT in period Ⅱ (n=3, % wet weight)

指標(biāo)Index組別Group雙因素方差分析Two way ANOVACDCHCLDHCL能量密度
Energy density投喂量
Feed ration交互作用
Interaction 去內(nèi)臟全魚
The
eviscerated
whole fish水分Moisture69.04±0.20c67.69±0.55b67.96±0.09b66.13±0.19a0.0030.0010.469粗脂肪Crude lipid 8.64±0.16a9.99±0.18a11.49±0.24b12.00±0.40b0.0000.0080.148粗蛋白Crude protein17.55±0.3516.69±0.5816.77±0.2116.72±0.460.4610.3140.366灰分Ash 4.57±0.094.31±0.014.63±0.094.58±0.210.3170.2440.411肝臟Liver水分Moisture69.36±2.9267.47±0.7064.78±0.0265.02±1.260.2280.6260.531粗脂肪Crude lipid13.97±0.27a15.11±0.26a14.93±0.57a18.51±0.13b0.0000.0000.008粗蛋白Crude protein14.84±0.6813.94±0.8913.26±0.7811.78±0.700.1070.1590.717內(nèi)臟團(tuán)
Visceral
mass*水分Moisture65.75±4.43a67.54±2.54a47.04±3.12b43.36±2.87b0.0010.7830.434粗脂肪Crude lipid19.05±0.64a25.11±1.55b20.36±0.17a27.64±1.24b0.1310.0000.606粗蛋白Crude protein 6.99±0.436.26±0.235.32±0.385.78±0.450.0710.7300.157肌肉Muscle水分Moisture77.38±0.3777.13±0.2776.87±0.2776.20±0.150.0770.1390.468粗脂肪Crude lipid 0.77±0.18a1.63±0.15b1.40±0.07b1.82±0.07b0.0130.0010.126粗蛋白Crude protein18.46±0.35a18.21±0.05a19.73±0.37b20.66±0.40b0.0020.3270.106

表  6   飼料能量密度和投喂水平對(duì)試驗(yàn)魚血液生理指標(biāo)的影響

Table  6   Effects of dietary energy density and feed ration on blood physiological indices of GIFT (n=3)

指標(biāo)Index組別Group雙因素方差分析Two way ANOVACDCHCLDHCL能量密度
Energy density投喂量
Feed ration交互作用
Interaction 周期Ⅰ
Period Ⅰ血紅蛋白HB (g/L)187.33±18.67236.67±5.46231.33±8.11230.67±3.710.1140.2090.558紅細(xì)胞數(shù)RBC (×1012)14.00±3.9415.112±1.6719.05±2.8214.82±1.560.4010.1290.627白細(xì)胞數(shù)WBC (×1010)23.50±2.0214.33±1.4522.50±3.3319.33±12.110.7630.4260.189血細(xì)胞比容HCT (%)37.56±0.4939.89±0.9846.02±2.3347.22±3.500.0070.0120.058周期Ⅱ
Period Ⅱ血紅蛋白HB (g/L)179.67±13.72188.33±13.86182.67±5.46180.33±2.030.9270.7640.604紅細(xì)胞數(shù)RBC (×1012)14.38±1.2311.27±3.5011.43±0.8017.35±1.850.2150.5260.065白細(xì)胞數(shù)WBC (×1010)51.00±4.36b42.67±5.83b49.00±0.76b16.50±1.76a0.0060.0010.012血細(xì)胞比容HCT (%)38.26±2.5132.16±0.3838.09±4.4431.12±1.300.3740.2170.361

表  7   飼料能量密度和投喂水平對(duì)周期Ⅰ試驗(yàn)魚血液生化指標(biāo)的影響

Table  7   Effects of dietary energy density and feed ration on blood biochemical indices of GIFT in period Ⅰ (n=3)

指標(biāo)Index組別Group雙因素方差分析Two way ANOVACDCHCLDHCL能量密度
Energy density投喂量
Feed ration交互作用
Interaction 谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶AST (U/L)170.33±5.55161.33±2.33171.00±10.79179.33±6.060.2120.9630.243谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶ALT (U/L)54.67±4.1054.00±4.3657.00±4.3658.67±3.920.4280.9080.788堿性磷酸酶ALP (U/L)30.33±1.4534.00±1.5342.00±3.5141.67±3.840.0090.5690.497乳酸脫氫酶LD (U/L)7.00±1.53a14.67±1.33b17.33±0.33b17.00±1.00b0.0010.0120.008甘油三酯TGK (mmol/L)4.03±0.24a5.44±0.35bc4.82±0.08b5.77±0.10c0.0360.0010.330膽固醇TCHO (mmol/L)4.62±0.245.17±0.344.92±0.325.55±0.030.2380.0560.889高密度脂蛋白膽固醇HDLC (mmol/L)1.33±0.091.40±0.091.43±0.181.55±0.050.3060.4030.850低密度脂蛋白膽固醇LDLC (mmol/L)0.58±0.061.16±0.370.91±0.091.15±0.070.4310.0680.414白蛋白ALB (g/L)10.33±0.3310.33±0.3310.00±0.5811.00±0.580.7330.2090.558總蛋白TP (g/L)40.33±1.2041.67±0.3338.00±3.2139.50±1.230.2910.1290.627尿素氮BUN (mmol/L)0.56±0.040.68±0.040.69±0.070.53±0.070.8870.4260.189血糖GLU (mmol/L)7.84±0.878.11±0.497.44±0.788.57±0.220.9680.0120.058

表  8   飼料能量密度和投喂水平對(duì)周期Ⅱ試驗(yàn)魚血清生化指標(biāo)的影響

Table  8   Effects of dietary energy density and feed ration on serum biochemical indices of GIFT in period Ⅱ (n=3)

指標(biāo)Index組別Group雙因素方差分析Two way ANOVACDCHCLDHCL能量密度
Energy density投喂量
Feed ration交互作用
Interaction 谷草轉(zhuǎn)氨酶AST (U/L)76.67±11.62102.67±4.6794.00±5.0393.33±2.400.1320.1020.088谷丙轉(zhuǎn)氨酶ALT (U/L)59.33±6.9651.00±5.2042.67±5.2144.00±5.770.2390.5650.431堿性磷酸酶ALP (U/L)26.67±3.7127.33±2.4036.00±6.0043.33±1.330.0430.3220.404乳酸脫氫酶LD (U/L)212.00±14.47a452.00±26.86b428.00±41.00b455.33±26.39b0.0010.0020.006甘油三酯TGK (mmol/L)2.91±0.49a4.65±0.22b5.49±0.39b6.76±0.04c0.0000.0020.498膽固醇TCHO (mmol/L)5.03±0.20a5.50±0.23a8.12±1.01b7.73±0.62b0.0160.9500.500高密度脂蛋白膽固醇HDLC (mmol/L)2.71±0.192.39±0.172.32±0.172.58±0.170.4290.8550.136低密度脂蛋白膽固醇LDLC (mmol/L)2.60±0.182.86±0.243.37±0.253.67±0.280.0520.2760.926白蛋白ALB (g/L)12.67±0.67b10.00±0.00a11.33±0.67ab12.67±0.67b0.0320.2820.009總蛋白TP (g/L)54.67±2.4052.00±6.4356.67±3.7163.33±1.330.2880.6270.272尿素氮BUN (mmol/L)1.76±0.171.47±0.142.03±0.171.78±0.080.1250.0940.890血糖GLU (mmol/L)4.15±0.50a4.38±0.09a5.95±0.41ab6.91±0.63b0.0080.2250.445

表  9   飼料能量密度和投喂水平對(duì)試驗(yàn)魚血清抗氧化指標(biāo)的影響

Table  9   Effects of dietary energy density and feed ration on serum antioxidant indices of GIFT (n=3)

指標(biāo)Index組別 Group雙因素方差分析Two way ANOVACDCHCLDHCL能量密度
Energy density投喂量
Feed ration交互作用
Interaction 周期Ⅰ
Period ⅠSOD (U/mL)47.93±0.9551.81±7.9244.91±4.7555.08±4.410.9810.0530.048CAT (U/mL)148.43±22.48b156.87±6.48b84.01±5.49a51.91±14.78a0.0000.3640.652GSH-Px (U/mL)6.95±0.87b3.27±0.65a3.45±0.68a2.76±0.43a0.0180.4400.802周期Ⅱ
Period ⅡSOD (U/mL)47.38±5.1441.43±1.3646.32±5.8643.76±4.510.7950.3770.720GSH-Px (U/mL)18.89±4.6011.91±0.8315.62±0.4926.32±4.330.0650.6080.026CAT (U/mL)22.76±1.4920.83±2.4726.12±3.5318.86±2.610.3150.1180.339TAOC (U/mL)6.49±0.843.51±0.543.99±0.734.80±0.680.0730.1630.028MDA (nmol/mL)9.37±1.24a18.19±1.28b14.94±1.00b18.66±1.59b0.0030.0010.084 注: SOD. 超氧化物歧化酶; CAT. 過氧化氫酶; GSH-Px. 谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶; TAOC. 總抗氧化能力; MDA. 丙二醛; 表格中同行平均數(shù)上標(biāo)不同表示差異顯著(P<0.05)Note: SOD. superoxide dismutase; CAT. catalase; GSH-Px. glutathione peroxidase; TAOC. Total antioxidant capacity; MDA. malondialdehyde. The mean values in the same row with different letters are significantly different (P<0.05) [1] 劉作華, 楊飛云, 孔路軍, 等. 日糧能量水平對(duì)生長育肥豬肌內(nèi)脂肪含量以及脂肪酸合成酶和激素敏感脂酶mRNA表達(dá)的影響 [J]. 畜牧獸醫(yī)學(xué)報(bào), 2007, 38(9): 934-941. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0366-6964.2007.09.009

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