首頁(yè) 資訊 超重肥胖青少年認(rèn)知功能的改變及其與血清FGF21水平的關(guān)系

超重肥胖青少年認(rèn)知功能的改變及其與血清FGF21水平的關(guān)系

來(lái)源:泰然健康網(wǎng) 時(shí)間:2024年12月15日 09:56

Alteration of cognitive function in overweight and obese adolescents and its relationship with serum FGF21 levels

HAN Rui ,1,2, WU Qian ,1,2, LIU Dan1,2, CHENG Di1,2, ZHANG Ying1,2, NI Jiacheng1, KANG Piao1,2, CHEN Anran1,2, YU Shujie1,2, FANG Qichen1, LI Huating ,1,2

1.Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China

2.Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China

Abstract

Objective ·To evaluate the changes in cognitive function in overweight and obese adolescents, and explore the association between cognitive function and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Methods ·A total of 175 adolescents from a senior high school in Shanghai were divided into normal weight group (n=50), overweight group (n=50) and obese group (n=75) based on their body mass index (BMI). General information, anthropometric data and laboratory testing indicators of the adolescents were collected and compared. The cognitive function of the three groups of adolescents was assessed by using the accuracy (ACC) and reaction time of Flanker task and n-back task. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the serum FGF21 level of the three groups of adolescents. Partial correlation analysis and multiple linear regression model were used to evaluate the correlation between cognitive task performance and anthropometric data and laboratory testing indicators. Results ·Compared with the normal weight group, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and the levels of fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and triacylglycerol in the obese group were higher (all P<0.05). Under congruent or incongruent stimulus conditions in the Flanker task, there was no significant difference in ACC between any two groups; compared with the normal weight and overweight groups, the reaction time of the adolescents in the obese group was prolonged (all P<0.05). In the n-back task, there were no significant differences in ACC between any two groups, while the obese group had longer reaction time in the 1-back and 2-back tasks compared to the normal weight and overweight groups (all P<0.05). Compared with the normal weight group, serum FGF21 levels of the adolescents in the obese group were higher (P=0.000). Partial correlation analysis showed that the reaction time of the adolescents in Flanker and n-back tasks was correlated with their BMI, body fat mass, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and FGF21 level (all P<0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis further confirmed that BMI was associated with prolonged reaction time in cognitive-related behavioral tasks in the adolescents (all P<0.05), and FGF21 level was associated with ACC in the 2-back task (P=0.000) and reaction time in the incongruent stimulus condition (P=0.048). Conclusion ·Overweight and obese adolescents have cognitive impairments, and BMI and serum FGF21 levels are associated with changes in their cognitive function.

Keywords:obese adolescent;cognitive function;behavioral experiment;fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)

本文引用格式

韓瑞, 吳倩, 劉丹, 程棣, 張盈, 倪嘉成, 康飄, 陳安然, 于淑潔, 方啟晨, 李華婷. 超重肥胖青少年認(rèn)知功能的改變及其與血清FGF21水平的關(guān)系. 上海交通大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(醫(yī)學(xué)版)[J], 2024, 44(1): 87-97 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2024.01.010

HAN Rui, WU Qian, LIU Dan, CHENG Di, ZHANG Ying, NI Jiacheng, KANG Piao, CHEN Anran, YU Shujie, FANG Qichen, LI Huating. Alteration of cognitive function in overweight and obese adolescents and its relationship with serum FGF21 levels. Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (Medical Science)[J], 2024, 44(1): 87-97 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1674-8115.2024.01.010

超重和肥胖是一個(gè)日益嚴(yán)重的全球性健康問(wèn)題。目前,中國(guó)是世界上超重和肥胖人數(shù)最多的國(guó)家,且這一問(wèn)題在青少年中日趨嚴(yán)重。流行病學(xué)調(diào)查顯示,2015—2019年我國(guó)6~17歲兒童青少年的超重肥胖患病率持續(xù)上升,超重率達(dá)11.1%,肥胖率達(dá)7.9%[1]。研究[2]顯示,肥胖患者罹患2型糖尿病、心腦血管疾病、高血壓等疾病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高,將給家庭和社會(huì)帶來(lái)較大的醫(yī)療和經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān)。

認(rèn)知功能障礙表現(xiàn)為語(yǔ)言、記憶、推理等一個(gè)或多個(gè)認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域的認(rèn)知能力降低[3]。既往研究通過(guò)中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)生命體征量表(Central Nervous System Vital Signs,CNSVS)發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖青少年在記憶、執(zhí)行功能等方面的得分均顯著低于健康青少年[4],提示肥胖青少年的認(rèn)知功能減退。此外,有研究[5]報(bào)道,與對(duì)照組兒童相比,肥胖兒童的注意轉(zhuǎn)換功能方面也存在缺陷。相比于認(rèn)知相關(guān)量表,行為學(xué)試驗(yàn)對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的評(píng)估更為敏感[6]。Flanker任務(wù)也叫側(cè)抑制任務(wù),要求受試者在接受目標(biāo)刺激時(shí)作出反應(yīng),同時(shí)抑制無(wú)關(guān)刺激的影響,可反映個(gè)體對(duì)認(rèn)知沖突的加工能力[7];其中,一致性刺激用于評(píng)估基本認(rèn)知功能,不一致性刺激用于評(píng)估高階認(rèn)知功能[8]。Flanker任務(wù)在執(zhí)行功能的研究中有著較廣泛的應(yīng)用,是評(píng)估認(rèn)知控制的合適工具,但在青少年的認(rèn)知控制研究方面應(yīng)用相對(duì)有限[9]。n-back任務(wù)又叫倒數(shù)n項(xiàng)測(cè)試范式,可反映個(gè)體在短時(shí)間內(nèi)存儲(chǔ)和處理信息的能力,其中0-back任務(wù)用于評(píng)估即時(shí)記憶,1-back與2-back任務(wù)用于評(píng)估延遲記憶[10];同時(shí),該任務(wù)也可用于評(píng)估個(gè)體的工作記憶,而工作記憶在閱讀理解、推理、算術(shù)計(jì)算、數(shù)學(xué)問(wèn)題解決、學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)提高中均發(fā)揮了重要作用[11]。然而,目前針對(duì)超重和肥胖青少年采用行為學(xué)試驗(yàn)開(kāi)展的系統(tǒng)性認(rèn)知評(píng)估研究仍較缺乏。

研究表明,認(rèn)知相關(guān)疾病和肥胖之間的聯(lián)系可能是由內(nèi)分泌因子的多效性作用介導(dǎo)的,特別是一些由代謝相關(guān)組織器官分泌的內(nèi)分泌因子[如瘦素、脂聯(lián)素和成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子21(fibroblast growth factor 21,F(xiàn)GF21)等],其可透過(guò)血腦屏障作用于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng),參與認(rèn)知相關(guān)疾病的發(fā)生與發(fā)展[12]。FGF21是一種調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)體糖脂代謝和能量穩(wěn)態(tài)的激素樣內(nèi)分泌因子,主要在肝臟、脂肪等組織中表達(dá);同時(shí),F(xiàn)GF21可由全身多處組織分泌產(chǎn)生并發(fā)揮神經(jīng)保護(hù)作用,即可由中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)細(xì)胞(膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞、神經(jīng)元等)少量產(chǎn)生以直接發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用,或由外周組織產(chǎn)生后穿過(guò)血腦屏障進(jìn)入中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)來(lái)間接發(fā)揮保護(hù)作用[13]。研究[14]發(fā)現(xiàn),F(xiàn)GF21能夠通過(guò)降低D-半乳糖誘導(dǎo)的衰老小鼠的海馬損傷,改善其認(rèn)知功能。然而,在人群中尤其是肥胖青少年中,血清FGF21水平與認(rèn)知功能的關(guān)系尚不清楚。

本研究采用行為學(xué)試驗(yàn)(包括Flanker任務(wù)、n-back任務(wù))綜合評(píng)估青少年的認(rèn)知功能,分析青少年肥胖相關(guān)代謝指標(biāo)與認(rèn)知功能的相關(guān)性以及青少年超重和肥胖對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的影響因素,并探索血清FGF21與青少年認(rèn)知功能的聯(lián)系,以期為肥胖引起認(rèn)知功能改變的機(jī)制研究提供新的視角。

1 對(duì)象與方法

1.1 研究對(duì)象及其分組

本研究人群來(lái)自教育部實(shí)踐共同體項(xiàng)目合作單位——上海市某高級(jí)中學(xué)2022年9月—2023年7月的在校高一、高二學(xué)生。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):年齡為15~18周歲;近90 d內(nèi)體質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定(自我報(bào)告體質(zhì)量變化<5 kg)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):有減重藥物使用史或接受過(guò)肥胖外科治療;患有非單純性肥胖,包括內(nèi)分泌與代謝性疾?。ㄈ鐜?kù)欣綜合征、甲狀腺功能低下、性腺功能減退、多囊卵巢綜合征等)、腫瘤及創(chuàng)傷等;有嚴(yán)重精神疾?。ㄈ缇穹至寻Y、雙相情感障礙、重度抑郁)病史;患有神經(jīng)性貪食癥障礙。

最終,本研究共納入175名青少年,依據(jù)中華人民共和國(guó)衛(wèi)生行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)——學(xué)齡兒童青少年超重與肥胖篩查[15]將其分為肥胖組(n=75)、超重組(n=50)及正常體型組(n=50)。其中,3組青少年的性別比、年齡均相匹配。

1.2 研究方法1.2.1 資料的記錄及收集

記錄受試者的一般資料:① 一般人口學(xué)資料,包括年齡、性別。② 人體測(cè)量學(xué)資料,包括身高、體質(zhì)量、腰圍、臀圍、收縮壓(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒張壓(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)及體成分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)(體脂肪量、體脂率),并計(jì)算體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)和腰臀比。同時(shí),收集受試者的實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)指標(biāo),包括空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,F(xiàn)PB)、空腹胰島素(fasting insulin,F(xiàn)INS)、糖化血紅蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)、血肌酐(serum creatinine,Scr)、尿酸(uric acid,UA)、丙氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、天冬氨酸轉(zhuǎn)氨酶(aspartate transaminase,AST)、γ?谷氨酰轉(zhuǎn)肽酶(γ-glutamyl transpeptidase,GGT)、總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、三酰甘油(triacylglycerol,TAG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-Ch)及低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-Ch)。

1.2.2 行為學(xué)試驗(yàn)方法

采用行為學(xué)試驗(yàn)評(píng)估青少年的認(rèn)知功能。該試驗(yàn)需在學(xué)校的計(jì)算機(jī)教室完成,保持環(huán)境安靜,所有受試者間隔落座且中間設(shè)有擋板。主試者為經(jīng)過(guò)行為學(xué)試驗(yàn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化培訓(xùn)的學(xué)校老師,負(fù)責(zé)指導(dǎo)受試者使用E-Prime 3.0軟件參與行為學(xué)試驗(yàn)。試驗(yàn)前,由主試者為受試者播放規(guī)則講解視頻,并接受受試者對(duì)于規(guī)則的提問(wèn),通過(guò)示范例題明確受試者已理解規(guī)則后開(kāi)始正式試驗(yàn)。行為學(xué)試驗(yàn)的表現(xiàn)包括正確率(accuracy,ACC)和反應(yīng)時(shí)共2個(gè)指標(biāo)。

該任務(wù)的試驗(yàn)流程如圖1A所示。測(cè)試過(guò)程中,受試者首先在電腦屏幕上看到“倒計(jì)時(shí)3、2、1”,接著看到指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)“請(qǐng)判斷中間箭頭的朝向,朝左請(qǐng)按1,朝右請(qǐng)按2”,隨后看到一致性刺激和不一致性刺激圖片,兩類(lèi)刺激圖片各呈現(xiàn)120 s,最后看到結(jié)束語(yǔ)。試驗(yàn)流程共2個(gè)組塊(block),每個(gè)組塊有40個(gè)刺激,一致性刺激與不一致性刺激比例為1∶1,以隨機(jī)順序呈現(xiàn),受試者的觀(guān)察距離為1 m。正式試驗(yàn)前需對(duì)受試者進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,使受試者熟悉試驗(yàn)情景,減低練習(xí)效應(yīng)。

圖1

圖1  行為學(xué)試驗(yàn)流程圖

Note: A. Flanker task. B. n-back task.

Fig 1  Flowchart of behavioral experiment


該任務(wù)的試驗(yàn)流程如圖1B所示。測(cè)試過(guò)程中,受試者首先在電腦屏幕上看到“倒計(jì)時(shí),3、2、1”,接著看到指導(dǎo)語(yǔ)“請(qǐng)判斷當(dāng)前字母與字母X(0-back)/上一個(gè)(1-back)/上上一個(gè)字母(2-back)是否相同,相同請(qǐng)按1,不相同請(qǐng)按2”,隨后看到字母,每一組塊呈現(xiàn)時(shí)間為42 s、各重復(fù)3次,最后看到結(jié)束語(yǔ)。試驗(yàn)流程共9個(gè)組塊,每個(gè)組塊包含12個(gè)刺激。受試者的觀(guān)察距離為1 m。正式試驗(yàn)前需對(duì)受試者進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,使受試者熟悉試驗(yàn)情景,減低練習(xí)效應(yīng)。

1.2.3 血清FGF21水平檢測(cè)

使用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附試驗(yàn)試劑盒(Antibody and Immunoassay Services,中國(guó)香港)[16]檢測(cè)受試者的血清FGF21水平,具體操作按照試劑盒說(shuō)明書(shū)進(jìn)行。該試劑盒可檢測(cè)到FGF21的最低濃度為30 pg/mL,批次內(nèi)和批次間差異分別為5.41%和5.79%。

1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

使用SPSS 25.0版軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。正態(tài)分布的定量資料以x±s表示,非正態(tài)分布的定量資料以M(Q1,Q3)表示,組間比較均采用單因素方差分析,其中非正態(tài)分布資料在分析之前需先行對(duì)數(shù)轉(zhuǎn)換。定性資料以頻數(shù)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn),在認(rèn)知功能評(píng)估時(shí)先對(duì)性別、年齡進(jìn)行校正,排除其對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的影響。使用偏相關(guān)分析評(píng)估認(rèn)知功能與人體測(cè)量學(xué)資料、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)指標(biāo)之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。采用多元線(xiàn)性回歸模型進(jìn)一步探討認(rèn)知功能與人體測(cè)量學(xué)資料、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性。P<0.05表示差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。

2 結(jié)果

2.1 3組受試者資料比較

與正常體型組相比,超重組和肥胖組受試者的體脂肪量、體脂率、腰圍、臀圍、腰臀比、SBP、DBP以及FINS、UA、ALT、GGT水平呈現(xiàn)升高趨勢(shì)(均P=0.000);肥胖組受試者的SBP、DBP及FPG、HbA1c、TAG水平高于正常體型組(均P<0.05),HDL-Ch水平低于正常體型組(P=0.045)。具體數(shù)據(jù)見(jiàn)表1。

表1  3組受試者一般資料和實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)指標(biāo)比較

Tab 1  Comparison of general information and laboratory testing indicators among the three groups of subjects

ItemNormal weight group (n=50)Overweight group (n=50)Obese group (n=75)P valueGeneral informationAge/year15.18 ± 0.4815.52 ± 0.5815.31 ± 0.520.327Gender (male/female)/n29/2130/2050/250.117BMI/(kg·m-2)21.35 ± 2.1625.26 ± 0.98*30.37 ± 2.73*#0.000Body fat mass/kg12.73 ± 4.9020.91 ± 4.69*29.95 ± 6.62*#0.000Body fat percentage/%20.93 ± 7.7328.47 ± 7.21*33.55 ± 5.83*#0.000Waist circumference/cm73.95 ± 7.4882.87 ± 3.69*95.53 ± 9.14*#0.000Hip circumference/cm94.70 ± 5.77103.71 ± 3.80*110.09 ± 5.38*#0.000Waist-to-hip ratio0.80 ± 0.040.84 ± 0.01*0.89 ± 0.03*#0.000SBP/mmHg115.04 ± 12.27120.29 ± 11.51124.39 ± 9.98*0.000DBP/mmHg63.84 ± 7.4269.09 ± 8.73*70.44 ± 9.27*0.000Laboratory testing indicatorFPG/(mmol·L-1)4.62 ± 0.354.78 ± 0.304.79 ± 0.37*0.014FINS/(mmol·L-1)15.03 (11.43, 19.28)21.67 (17.62, 29.76)*29.94 (18.96, 38.32)*#0.000HbA1c/%5.31 ± 0.215.32 ± 0.165.42 ± 0.27*0.008Scr/(μmol·L-1)65.95 (58.40, 76.85)66.25 (56.33, 73.83)*71.90 (63.50, 79.50)* #0.052UA/(μmol·L-1)368.86 ± 85.19397.66 ± 82.31451.24 ± 102.53*0.000ALT/(U·L-1)14.00 (11.00, 17.25)17.50 (15.00, 27.00)*26.00 (20.00, 48.00)*#0.000AST/(U·L-1)21.00 (17.75, 24.00)21.00 (18.00, 26.25)26.00 (20.00, 32.00)*0.000GGT/(U·L-1)16.50 (14.00, 21.00)19.50 (14.75, 25.00)23.00 (17.00, 32.00)*#0.000TC/(mmol·L-1)4.36 ± 0.784.30 ± 0.76*4.33 ± 0.74*#0.880TAG/(mmol·L-1)0.74 (0.55, 1.04)0.87 (0.61, 1.29)0.92 (0.69, 1.37)0.012HDL-Ch/(mmol·L-1)1.44 ± 0.291.26 ± 0.26*1.21 ± 0.25*0.000LDL-Ch/(mmol·L-1)2.48 ± 0.702.56 ± 0.562.69 ± 0.690.076

Note: 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa. * indicates the comparison with the normal weight group, P<0.05; # indicates the comparison with the overweight group, P<0.05.

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2.2 受試者的認(rèn)知功能評(píng)估

對(duì)3組受試者的性別、年齡是否影響其認(rèn)知功能進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),任意一組中的高一年級(jí)(15.0~16.5歲)與高二年級(jí)(16.5~18.0歲)青少年的ACC、反應(yīng)時(shí)差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義;同時(shí),175名青少年中男性與女性的該2個(gè)指標(biāo)間差異亦無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。繼而提示,年齡、性別對(duì)于青少年行為學(xué)試驗(yàn)的表現(xiàn)無(wú)影響。

ACC方面,3組受試者在Flanker任務(wù)、n-back任務(wù)中的差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。反應(yīng)時(shí)方面,3組受試者的表現(xiàn)則不同:① Flanker任務(wù)。在一致性刺激或不一致性刺激的條件下,肥胖組受試者的反應(yīng)時(shí)長(zhǎng)于正常體型組(P=0.000,P=0.002)且亦長(zhǎng)于超重組(P=0.030,P=0.001);而正常體型組與超重組間差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。② n-back任務(wù)。隨著記憶負(fù)荷的增加,3組受試者的反應(yīng)時(shí)均逐漸延長(zhǎng)。隨著肥胖程度的增加,受試者在0-back任務(wù)中的反應(yīng)時(shí)延長(zhǎng);在1-back任務(wù)中,肥胖組受試者的反應(yīng)時(shí)長(zhǎng)于正常體型組(P=0.000);在2-back任務(wù)中,肥胖組受試者的反應(yīng)時(shí)不僅長(zhǎng)于正常體型組(P=0.000)還長(zhǎng)于超重組(P=0.001)。具體數(shù)據(jù)見(jiàn)表2。

表2  3組受試者的認(rèn)知功能評(píng)估

Tab 2  Cognitive function assessment of the three groups of subjects

ItemNormal weight group (n=50)Overweight group (n=50)Obese group (n=75)P valueFlanker taskACCCongruent stimulus0.97 ± 0.090.97 ± 0.040.98 ± 0.040.442Incongruent stimulus0.92 ± 0.090.93 ± 0.100.92 ± 0.140.854Reaction time/msCongruent stimulus406.12 ± 108.32431.35 ± 85.17475.13 ± 84.310.000Incongruent stimulus465.41 ± 95.59463.55 ± 59.92524.01 ± 103.790.000n-back taskACC0-back0.94 ± 0.050.93 ± 0.070.93 ± 0.080.6411-back0.84 ± 0.120.85 ± 0.080.86 ± 0.120.4042-back0.78 ± 0.130.72 ± 0.160.78 ± 0.150.751Reaction time/ms0-back522.52 ± 103.11539.48 ± 104.85564.34 ± 116.740.0501-back541.76 ± 149.67587.90 ± 160.04656.60 ± 168.990.0002-back570.49 ± 174.48625.08 ± 199.08754.24 ± 201.570.000

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2.3 受試者行為學(xué)試驗(yàn)表現(xiàn)與其人體測(cè)量學(xué)資料、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)指標(biāo)的關(guān)系

在校正了性別、年齡后,我們采用偏相關(guān)分析對(duì)受試者的認(rèn)知功能與其人體測(cè)量學(xué)資料、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行評(píng)估。① ACC方面,3組受試者在Flanker任務(wù)、n-back任務(wù)中的差異均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。② 反應(yīng)時(shí)方面,F(xiàn)lanker任務(wù)的結(jié)果(表3)顯示,一致性刺激條件下受試者的反應(yīng)時(shí)與其BMI、體脂肪量、體脂率、腰臀比、腰圍、臀圍相關(guān)(均P<0.05),不一致性刺激條件下其反應(yīng)時(shí)僅與BMI、體脂肪量、腰臀比、腰圍及Scr、UA水平相關(guān)(均P<0.05)。n-back任務(wù)的結(jié)果(表4)顯示,1-back任務(wù)中,受試者的反應(yīng)時(shí)與其BMI、體脂肪量、體脂率、腰臀比、腰圍、臀圍及ALT、AST、GGT、UA水平相關(guān)(均P<0.05);2-back任務(wù)中,受試者的反應(yīng)時(shí)與其BMI、體脂肪量、體脂率、腰臀比、腰圍、臀圍及ALT、AST、UA水平相關(guān)(均P<0.05)。

表3  受試者在Flanker任務(wù)中的表現(xiàn)與其人體測(cè)量學(xué)資料、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性[r (P)值]

Tab 3  Correlation between the performance of subjects in the Flanker task and their anthropometric data and laboratory testing indicators [r (P) value]

ItemACCReaction timeIncongruent stimulusCongruent stimulusIncongruent stimulusCongruent stimulusBMI-0.004 (0.958)0.033 (0.678)0.259 (0.000)0.337 (0.000)Body fat mass0.004 (0.963)0.014 (0.857)0.154 (0.045)0.242 (0.000)Body fat percentage-0.013 (0.874)-0.024 (0.764)0.061 (0.431)0.193 (0.011)Waist-to-hip ratio0.008 (0.928)0.054 (0.495)0.217 (0.004)0.280 (0.000)Waist circumference0.007 (0.930)-0.018 (0.820)0.156 (0.042)0.269 (0.000)Hip circumference-0.016 (0.848)-0.027 (0.731)0.107 (0.162)0.238 (0.002)SBP0.051 (0.538)0.006 (0.940)0.041 (0.596)0.109 (0.155)DBP-0.029 (0.729)0.034 (0.674)-0.042 (0.581)0.058 (0.452)FINS-0.053 (0.523)0.030 (0.707)0.088 (0.250)0.132 (0.084)HbA1c-0.114 (0.168)-0.037 (0.639)0.023 (0.765)0.110 (0.153)FPG0.072 (0.387)0.012 (0.877)-0.074 (0.336)0.032 (0.680)ALT-0.105 (0.204)0.041 (0.607)0.100 (0.191)0.142 (0.062)AST-0.099 (0.231)0.069 (0.384)0.115 (0.133)0.099 (0.194)GGT-0.095 (0.251)0.057 (0.473)0.088 (0.251)0.123 (0.107)Scr0.075 (0.363)0.077 (0.335)0.219 (0.004)0.049 (0.521)UA-0.067 (0.420)0.035 (0.662)0.171 (0.025)0.139 (0.069)TC0.026 (0.755)-0.053 (0.508)-0.015 (0.849)-0.116 (0.130)TAG-0.112 (0.177)-0.113 (0.154)0.002 (0.975)-0.003 (0.973)HDL-Ch-0.014 (0.863)0.063 (0.425)0.014 (0.855)-0.045 (0.556)LDL-Ch0.042 (0.616)-0.083 (0.293)-0.005 (0.950)-0.098 (0.202)

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表4  受試者在n-back任務(wù)中的表現(xiàn)與其人體測(cè)量學(xué)資料、實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性[r (P)值]

Tab 4  Correlation between the performance of subjects in the n-back task and their anthropometric data and laboratory testing indicators [r (P) value]

ItemACCReaction time0-back1-back2-back0-back1-back2-backBMI0.032 (0.701)0.078 (0.344)0.087 (0.299)0.151 (0.069)0.268 (0.000)0.351 (0.000)Body fat mass0.027 (0.745)0.057 (0.489)0.061 (0.465)0.124 (0.135)0.217 (0.004)0.282 (0.000)Body fat percentage0.030 (0.722)0.042 (0.615)0.062 (0.459)0.065 (0.438)0.173 (0.023)0.240 (0.000)Waist-to-hip ratio0.002 (0.983)-0.022 (0.794)0.077 (0.357)0.095 (0.253)0.257 (0.000)0.320 (0.000)Waist circumference-0.058 (0.491)0.001 (0.986)0.008 (0.921)0.122 (0.143)0.200 (0.008)0.248 (0.000)Hip circumference-0.040 (0.635)0.062 (0.454)0.044 (0.602)0.082 (0.328)0.208 (0.006)0.257 (0.000)SBP-0.051 (0.544)0.012 (0.887)0.101 (0.227)-0.004 (0.961)0.107 (0.164)0.101 (0.186)DBP-0.099 (0.238)-0.079 (0.344)-0.056 (0.500)0.059 (0.482)0.137 (0.074)0.059 (0.443)FINS-0.042 (0.612)-0.085 (0.303)-0.080 (0.339)0.013 (0.872)0.116 (0.128)0.138 (0.070)HbA1c-0.028 (0.738)-0.149 (0.071)-0.085 (0.308)0.001 (0.988)0.103 (0.177)0.055 (0.473)FPG-0.176 (0.035)-0.114 (0.169)-0.036 (0.666)-0.139 (0.095)-0.021 (0.790)0.025 (0.741)ALT-0.067 (0.420)-0.046 (0.580)-0.067 (0.425)0.046 (0.579)0.161 (0.035)0.207 (0.006)AST-0.008 (0.923)-0.042 (0.614)-0.060 (0.469)0.045 (0.591)0.156 (0.040)0.199 (0.009)GGT0.061 (0.464)-0.068 (0.413)-0.148 (0.075)0.017 (0.835)0.161 (0.034)0.139 (0.068)Scr-0.050 (0.546)-0.173 (0.035)-0.021 (0.798)0.032 (0.700)0.085 (0.264)0.101 (0.188)UA0.032 (0.698)-0.093 (0.260)-0.140 (0.093)0.158 (0.057)0.227 (0.003)0.310 (0.000)TC0.182 (0.028)-0.016 (0.850)-0.059 (0.483)-0.037 (0.656)0.029 (0.709)-0.028 (0.719)TAG0.051 (0.539)-0.092 (0.267)-0.223 (0.007)0.058 (0.488)0.027 (0.722)0.026 (0.732)HDL-Ch0.075 (0.366)0.011 (0.893)0.098 (0.240)0.042 (0.619)-0.024 (0.752)-0.116 (0.127)LDL-Ch0.158 (0.058)-0.010 (0.907)-0.076 (0.364)-0.058 (0.484)0.068 (0.371)0.036 (0.638)

Note: In the 1-back task, ACC was correlated with Scr level, and in the 0-back task, ACC was correlated with FPB and TC level. However, there was no significant difference in ACC among the three groups in the cognitive function evaluation of the three groups of subjects, so it was not mentioned in the results section.

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2.4 受試者反應(yīng)時(shí)的影響因素的多元線(xiàn)性回歸分析

隨后,本研究采用多元線(xiàn)性回歸模型對(duì)受試者在行為學(xué)任務(wù)中的反應(yīng)時(shí)行進(jìn)一步分析。在Flanker任務(wù)中,以受試者在一致性刺激條件下的反應(yīng)時(shí)作為因變量,將上述偏相關(guān)分析中有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的指標(biāo)及具有臨床意義的指標(biāo)作為自變量納入模型,結(jié)果顯示BMI(P=0.000)與反應(yīng)時(shí)延長(zhǎng)相關(guān);以受試者在不一致性刺激條件下的反應(yīng)時(shí)作為因變量進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果顯示BMI(P=0.000)、臀圍(P=0.013)是反應(yīng)時(shí)延長(zhǎng)的影響因素。在n-back任務(wù)中,以受試者在1-back任務(wù)中的反應(yīng)時(shí)為因變量,以上述偏相關(guān)分析中有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的指標(biāo)及具有臨床意義的指標(biāo)為自變量,結(jié)果顯示BMI(P=0.001)與1-back任務(wù)的反應(yīng)時(shí)相關(guān);以受試者在2-back任務(wù)中的反應(yīng)時(shí)為因變量進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果顯示BMI(P=0.000)亦是2-back任務(wù)反應(yīng)時(shí)延長(zhǎng)的影響因素。具體數(shù)據(jù)見(jiàn)表5。以上結(jié)果提示,BMI是Flanker、n-back任務(wù)中受試者反應(yīng)時(shí)的影響因素。

表5  受試者反應(yīng)時(shí)的影響因素的多元線(xiàn)性回歸分析

Tab 5  Multiple linear regression analysis of the influencing factors of reaction time of subjects

VariableβSTDt valueP valueFlanker taskIncongruent stimulusBMI11.0640.5114.0530.000Hip circumference-3.664-0.315-2.4990.013Congruent stimulusBMI6.4680.2954.0430.000n-back task1-backBMI9.5050.2503.3780.0012-backBMI15.0450.3174.3680.000

Note: BMI, body fat mass, body fat percentage, waist-to-hip ratio, waist circumference, hip circumference, FINS, HbA1c, FPG, ALT, AST, GGT, TC and TAG were included in the model of congruent stimulus conditions in the Flanker task; BMI, body fat mass, body fat percentage, waist-to-hip ratio, waist circumference, FINS, HbA1c, FPG, ALT, AST, GGT, Scr, TC and TAG were included in the model of incongruent stimulus conditions in the Flanker task; BMI, body fat mass, body fat percentage, waist-to-hip ratio, waist circumference, hip circumference, FINS, HbA1c, FPG, ALT, AST, GGT, UA, TC and TAG were all included in the model of 1-back task and 2-back task.

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2.5 受試者血清FGF21水平與其行為學(xué)任務(wù)中表現(xiàn)的相關(guān)性分析

如圖2A所示,與正常體型組相比,肥胖組青少年的血清FGF21水平較高(P=0.000)。在校正了性別和年齡后,我們采用偏相關(guān)分析對(duì)反應(yīng)時(shí)與血清FGF21水平的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行評(píng)估,結(jié)果(圖2B~E)顯示,受試者在Flanker任務(wù)中(一致性或不一致性刺激條件下)、n-back任務(wù)(1-back或2-back任務(wù))中的反應(yīng)時(shí)與其血清FGF21水平均呈正相關(guān)(均P<0.05)。

圖2

圖2  3組受試者血清FGF21水平比較及其與不同條件下反應(yīng)時(shí)的相關(guān)性分析

Note:A. Comparison of serum FGF21 levels among the three groups of subjects. B/C. Correlation analysis between reaction time and serum FGF21 levels in subjects under congruent (B) or incongruent (C) stimulus conditions. D/E. Correlation analysis between reaction time and serum FGF21 levels in subjects with 1-back task (D) or 2-back task (E).

Fig 2  Comparison of serum FGF21 levels among the three groups of subjects and its correlation analysis with reaction time under different conditions


而后,以血清FGF21水平作為因變量,將認(rèn)知功能相關(guān)指標(biāo)作為自變量開(kāi)展多元線(xiàn)性回歸分析,結(jié)果(表6)顯示,受試者在2-back任務(wù)中的ACC(P=0.000)、不一致刺激條件下的反應(yīng)時(shí)(P=0.048)是其血清FGF21水平的獨(dú)立影響因素。

表6  受試者認(rèn)知功能相關(guān)指標(biāo)與血清FGF21水平的多元線(xiàn)性回歸分析

Tab 6  Multiple linear regression analysis of cognitive function-related indicators and serum FGF21 levels in subjects

VariableβSTDt valueP valueadjusted R22-back ACC-2.090-0.334-3.6870.0000.110Reaction time for incongruent stimulus0.0020.1822.0040.048

Note: The independent variables included in the model included ACC of congruent stimulus, ACC of incongruent stimulus, reaction time for congruent stimulus, reaction time for incongruent stimulus, ACC of 0-back task, ACC of 1-back task, ACC of 2-back task, reaction time for 0-back task, reaction time for 1-back task and reaction time for 2-back task.

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3 討論

本研究的結(jié)果顯示,肥胖組青少年在基本及高階認(rèn)知功能、工作記憶中的反應(yīng)時(shí)均顯著長(zhǎng)于正常體型組;受試者的BMI與其在基本及高階認(rèn)知功能、工作記憶中的反應(yīng)時(shí)皆呈正相關(guān),且BMI是Flanker任務(wù)、n-back任務(wù)中反應(yīng)時(shí)延長(zhǎng)的影響因素。此外,與其他2組相比,肥胖組青少年的血清FGF21水平均較高,且與Flanker任務(wù)、n-back任務(wù)中反應(yīng)時(shí)顯著相關(guān)。

既往研究[17]采用行為學(xué)試驗(yàn)與神經(jīng)電學(xué)對(duì)青春期前兒童肥胖與認(rèn)知沖突的加工能力之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行評(píng)估,結(jié)果顯示在Flanker任務(wù)的不一致性刺激下,肥胖兒童的反應(yīng)時(shí)顯著長(zhǎng)于健康體質(zhì)量?jī)和崾緝和逝挚山档推湔J(rèn)知沖突的加工能力。相關(guān)神經(jīng)心理測(cè)試研究[4]對(duì)肥胖組、健康對(duì)照組青少年在CNSVS測(cè)試中的8項(xiàng)指標(biāo)得分進(jìn)行比較,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)肥胖組青少年在所有認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域的平均得分均顯著低于對(duì)照組,表明肥胖對(duì)青少年認(rèn)知功能的多個(gè)方面均有損傷。本研究結(jié)果顯示,與正常體型組相比,F(xiàn)lanker任務(wù)中肥胖組青少年在一致或不一致性刺激條件下的反應(yīng)時(shí)均有顯著延長(zhǎng),即肥胖青少年在基本與高階認(rèn)知功能層面的表現(xiàn)均差于正常體型組,這也可表明肥胖對(duì)青少年認(rèn)知功能造成了較廣泛的負(fù)面影響。既往針對(duì)肥胖青少年工作記憶的研究相對(duì)較少,其中一項(xiàng)針對(duì)肥胖青少年代謝手術(shù)的研究[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)體質(zhì)量減輕與前額葉激活的減少相關(guān),表明肥胖青少年的認(rèn)知功能改變與代謝變化的神經(jīng)可塑性相關(guān)。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖青少年在1-back和2-back任務(wù)中的反應(yīng)時(shí)均顯著長(zhǎng)于正常體型組,表明肥胖青少年的即時(shí)記憶與延遲記憶功能均有下降。有研究[19]表明肥胖會(huì)導(dǎo)致全身脂肪組織堆積及相關(guān)細(xì)胞因子、炎癥因子分泌增加,繼而使肥胖患者處于全身炎癥狀態(tài);其中TAG被認(rèn)為可部分介導(dǎo)肥胖對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的影響,如高水平的TAG能夠阻礙瘦素、FGF21等透過(guò)血腦屏障,進(jìn)而對(duì)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生不利影響,最終導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知失調(diào)。也有研究[20]認(rèn)為,神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)多巴胺可能是導(dǎo)致肥胖個(gè)體與正常個(gè)體認(rèn)知功能產(chǎn)生差異的原因。目前,有關(guān)肥胖青少年認(rèn)知功能的改變尚需要進(jìn)一步的研究,同時(shí)還需要更精確的方法(如氫質(zhì)子磁共振波譜、彌散張量成像、靜息態(tài)腦功能磁共振成像等新興磁共振技術(shù))對(duì)認(rèn)知功能加以評(píng)估。

臨床研究[21]表明,肥胖、高脂飲食與學(xué)習(xí)、記憶和執(zhí)行功能缺陷以及潛在的腦萎縮相關(guān)。近期的一項(xiàng)研究[22]從流行病學(xué)的角度揭示過(guò)度肥胖是認(rèn)知功能下降的關(guān)鍵代謝風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素,而減少過(guò)量的內(nèi)臟脂肪、降低腰臀比能夠有效改善認(rèn)知功能,提高思維能力、學(xué)習(xí)能力和記憶力。肥胖動(dòng)物模型的研究[23]發(fā)現(xiàn),高脂喂養(yǎng)的小鼠由于肝臟脂肪變性、巨噬細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)和胰島素抵抗等,其海馬區(qū)域會(huì)出現(xiàn)炎癥損傷,最終致使小鼠發(fā)生記憶缺陷。同時(shí),肥胖導(dǎo)致的全身炎癥和中樞炎癥可通過(guò)多種機(jī)制影響突觸神經(jīng)元的功能,最終導(dǎo)致肥胖患者認(rèn)知功能的變化。此外,肥胖還會(huì)引起血腦屏障發(fā)生損傷。有研究[24]發(fā)現(xiàn)高脂喂養(yǎng)的大鼠與非肥胖大鼠相比會(huì)出現(xiàn)血腦屏障通透性增加及海馬依賴(lài)性認(rèn)知障礙。且動(dòng)物研究[25]發(fā)現(xiàn),血腦屏障損傷后血清源性物質(zhì)可進(jìn)入海馬間隙以激活小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞,最終引起認(rèn)知功能障礙。目前,肥胖相關(guān)的認(rèn)知障礙發(fā)病機(jī)制尚未被完全闡明,需更加深入的研究探討。

FGF21是一種主要表達(dá)于肝臟的激素樣蛋白,可通過(guò)與靶器官中成纖維細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)因子受體(fibroblast growth factor receptor,F(xiàn)GFR)和共受體β-klotho形成復(fù)合物來(lái)激活下游信號(hào),進(jìn)而參與機(jī)體代謝并維持脂代謝和糖代謝穩(wěn)態(tài)。既往研究[26]發(fā)現(xiàn),肥胖患者的血清FGF21水平與正常體型人群相比顯著升高,在中心性肥胖的非酒精性脂肪肝患者中該指標(biāo)水平與肝臟脂肪含量呈正相關(guān)。這與本研究結(jié)果相一致,即肥胖組青少年的血清FGF21水平顯著高于正常體型組。此外,相關(guān)研究[27]發(fā)現(xiàn),與非肥胖小鼠相比,純合的Lepob突變小鼠(ob/ob)、Leprdb突變小鼠(db/db)及飲食誘導(dǎo)的肥胖小鼠體內(nèi)FGF21水平均顯著升高,并伴隨靶組織中FGFR和β-Klotho表達(dá)下降,繼而提示小鼠存在FGF21抵抗?fàn)顟B(tài)。目前,F(xiàn)GF21已被證實(shí)可在大腦的新陳代謝、認(rèn)知方面發(fā)揮重要作用。既往研究[14]顯示,F(xiàn)GF21通過(guò)抑制微管相關(guān)蛋白tau和β-淀粉樣蛋白的聚合,促進(jìn)腦源性神經(jīng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)因子的表達(dá),維持線(xiàn)粒體蛋白的穩(wěn)定,并通過(guò)NF-κB(核因子κB)和AMPK/Akt(腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶/絲氨酸-蘇氨酸激酶)信號(hào)通路調(diào)控炎癥和氧化應(yīng)激來(lái)減輕神經(jīng)免疫損傷,從而抑制神經(jīng)退行性改變。此外,F(xiàn)GF21還可以通過(guò)FGFR1/β-klotho上調(diào)過(guò)氧化物酶體增殖物活化受體γ來(lái)保護(hù)血腦屏障,降低炎癥對(duì)認(rèn)知功能的損傷[28]。鑒于中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)可能是FGF21治療肥胖相關(guān)代謝異常的重要靶點(diǎn),因此對(duì)FGF21在認(rèn)知障礙中的作用研究具有較為重要的臨床價(jià)值,或可為肥胖相關(guān)認(rèn)知障礙的診治過(guò)程提供新的思路。

綜上所述,本研究通過(guò)行為學(xué)試驗(yàn)綜合評(píng)估了超重、肥胖青少年的認(rèn)知功能,發(fā)現(xiàn)在青少年肥胖階段已存在認(rèn)知功能障礙,其中BMI是青少年認(rèn)知功能改變的影響因素,且認(rèn)知功能與BMI、FGF21水平顯著相關(guān)。研究結(jié)果為進(jìn)一步探討肥胖青少年認(rèn)知改變的機(jī)制研究提供了新的方向。


作者貢獻(xiàn)聲明

韓瑞、吳倩、倪嘉成、康飄、陳安然參與了數(shù)據(jù)采集,韓瑞、劉丹負(fù)責(zé)數(shù)據(jù)分析,韓瑞負(fù)責(zé)論文的寫(xiě)作和修改,張盈、于淑潔、程棣參與了文獻(xiàn)檢索,方啟晨、李華婷負(fù)責(zé)數(shù)據(jù)分析指導(dǎo)和論文審閱。所有作者均閱讀并同意了最終稿件的提交。

AUTHOR's CONTRIBUTIONS

HAN Rui, WU Qian, NI Jiacheng, KANG Piao and CHEN Anran participated in data collection. HAN Rui and LIU Dan were responsible for data analysis. HAN Rui was responsible for writing and revising the paper. ZHANG Ying, YU Shujie and CHENG Di participated in literature retrieval. FANG Qichen and LI Huating were responsible for data analysis and guidance and paper review. All the authors have read the last version of paper and consented for submission.

利益沖突聲明

COMPETING INTERESTS

All authors disclose no relevant conflict of interests.

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