首頁(yè) 資訊 孕前肥胖、孕期增重過度與子代健康

孕前肥胖、孕期增重過度與子代健康

來(lái)源:泰然健康網(wǎng) 時(shí)間:2024年11月21日 07:43

【摘要】 提升出生人口健康水平對(duì)保障國(guó)家人口持續(xù)健康發(fā)展具有重要意義。孕前肥胖和孕期增重過度可增加不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn),甚至影響子代近期和遠(yuǎn)期健康。中國(guó)孕婦基數(shù)大,孕前肥胖和孕期增重過度問題并存且隨經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展而日益凸顯。在國(guó)內(nèi)生育政策漸次寬松背景下,非常有必要及時(shí)梳理既往研究成果、了解局限性而明確工作方向,為科學(xué)研究提供線索、為衛(wèi)生決策提供參考。

孕婦肥胖問題隨經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展而日益凸出。不同收入水平國(guó)家肥胖孕婦人數(shù)均呈增加趨勢(shì),中低收入國(guó)家增速尤為顯著。中國(guó)增速位居全球第二,僅次于印度[1]。2014年全球肥胖孕婦1 460萬(wàn),其中429萬(wàn)(29.4%)來(lái)自中國(guó)[1]。中國(guó)孕婦基數(shù)大、肥胖率增速快,孕婦肥胖問題值得關(guān)注。

孕婦肥胖的主要原因?yàn)樵星胺逝趾驮衅谠鲋剡^度。世界衛(wèi)生組織將體重指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)介于25.0~29.9 kg/m2和≥30.0 kg/m2分別定義為超重和肥胖,而中國(guó)相應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為24.0~27.9 kg/m2和≥28.0 kg/m2。2015年美國(guó)[2]和巴西[3]約一半孕婦為孕前超重或肥胖,2014年中國(guó)約為四分之一[4]。孕期增重主要與胎兒、胎盤、羊水、增大的子宮和乳房、增加的血容量和脂肪有關(guān)。2009年美國(guó)國(guó)家醫(yī)學(xué)研究院(the National Academy of Medicine)發(fā)布孕期增重推薦范圍[5],孕期增重超過推薦范圍上限即為孕期增重過度。孕期增重過度現(xiàn)象較為普遍,2017年全球每百名孕婦中就有孕期增重過度者47名[6],中國(guó)每百名孕婦中有孕期增重過度者37名[7]。孕前BMI愈高,孕期增重推薦值愈低,孕期增重過度愈易發(fā)生[8]。

適宜的孕前BMI和孕期增重對(duì)胎兒正常生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育和母親產(chǎn)后哺乳具有重要意義。孕前肥胖和孕期增重過度可改變宮內(nèi)暴露環(huán)境,增加不良妊娠結(jié)局發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[9],甚至影響子代近遠(yuǎn)期健康[10]。在中國(guó)生育政策漸次寬松背景下,非常有必要及時(shí)梳理孕婦肥胖對(duì)子代健康的影響,了解局限性并明確后續(xù)工作方向,為科學(xué)研究提供線索、為衛(wèi)生決策提供參考。

一、孕婦肥胖與子代健康

孕婦肥胖影響子代健康,如肥胖、代謝綜合征及心腦血管疾病、哮喘等過敏性疾病、自閉癥、認(rèn)知及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育異常、癌癥等。

1.肥胖:兒童肥胖是許多國(guó)家的重要公共衛(wèi)生問題,2015年全球兒童肥胖人數(shù)高達(dá)1.08億[11]。2014年發(fā)表的兩篇系統(tǒng)綜述顯示,與孕期增重適中孕婦相比,增重過度者子代在2~19歲時(shí)BMI-Z評(píng)分增加0.74~1.73[12]、肥胖風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加40%[13],且孕早中期增重過度的影響更明顯[12]。希臘、荷蘭、中國(guó)的出生隊(duì)列研究也顯示,孕早中期而非孕晚期增重過度顯著影響子代肥胖[14-16]。2019年發(fā)表的系統(tǒng)綜述納入了澳大利亞、歐洲和北美洲相關(guān)出生隊(duì)列的個(gè)案資料(n=162 129)[17],結(jié)果顯示,孕期增重過度對(duì)子代的影響隨子代年齡而增加,如5歲前、5~10歲和10~18歲子代超重與肥胖的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)依次增加39%、55%和72%;結(jié)果還顯示孕前BMI顯著影響子代肥胖且隨子代年齡而增強(qiáng):與孕前體重正常孕婦相比,孕前超重者子代在5歲前、5~10歲和10~18歲的超重與肥胖風(fēng)險(xiǎn)依次增加66%、91%和128%,孕前肥胖者子代的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高,依次為143%、212%和347%。澳大利亞和荷蘭的研究也顯示孕前肥胖對(duì)子代肥胖的影響隨子代年齡而增強(qiáng)[18-19]。影響隨子代年齡增強(qiáng)的現(xiàn)象或與母親生活方式代際傳遞效應(yīng)逐漸顯現(xiàn)有關(guān)[17]。上述證據(jù)也提示孕前肥胖對(duì)子代肥胖的影響程度可能強(qiáng)于孕期增重過度。

2.代謝綜合征和心腦血管疾?。捍x綜合征和心腦血管疾病是殘疾和死亡的主要原因。2010年英國(guó)隊(duì)列研究顯示,孕前體重與子代9歲時(shí)的腰圍、體脂率、收縮壓和舒張壓等多項(xiàng)代謝綜合征或心腦血管疾病相關(guān)指標(biāo)正關(guān)聯(lián);孕期增重與子代腰圍、體脂率、甘油三酯、收縮壓、C-反應(yīng)蛋白、白細(xì)胞介素等指標(biāo)正關(guān)聯(lián),與高密度脂蛋白膽固醇和載脂蛋白A1水平負(fù)關(guān)聯(lián)[20]。2014年荷蘭隊(duì)列研究顯示,孕前BMI與子代6歲時(shí)體脂率和收縮壓正關(guān)聯(lián),且孕前肥胖者子代發(fā)生3個(gè)及以上指標(biāo)異常的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是體重正常者的3倍[21]。2016年英國(guó)一項(xiàng)隨訪近60年的隊(duì)列研究顯示,孕期增重速率超0.9 千克/周者的子代腦血管疾病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加1.7倍[22]。研究提示,孕早期增重與子代相關(guān)指標(biāo)的關(guān)聯(lián)更強(qiáng)[14-15,20,23],且孕前肥胖的影響可能強(qiáng)于孕期增重過度[14,23],如孕前BMI和孕期增重速率每增加1個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差,子代多指標(biāo)異常的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別增加63%和23%[23]。子代肥胖可能是上述關(guān)聯(lián)通路的中間環(huán)節(jié),即孕前肥胖和孕期增重過度增加子代肥胖風(fēng)險(xiǎn)繼而增加心腦血管疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[20-21]。

3.Ⅰ型糖尿?。篒型糖尿病是兒童青少年常見的慢性疾病,全球不滿20歲的患者約111萬(wàn)[24]。英國(guó)病例對(duì)照研究顯示,孕期增重過度增加子代I型糖尿病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[25],但瑞典病例對(duì)照研究顯示,孕前肥胖而非孕期增重過度增加該病風(fēng)險(xiǎn):與非肥胖孕婦相比,肥胖者子代到18歲時(shí)患I型糖尿病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加18%[26]。2015年瑞典大樣本隊(duì)列研究(n=1 263 358)顯示,與孕早期體重正常的孕婦相比,超重和肥胖者子代患I型糖尿病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別增加25%和67%[27]。2018年挪威和丹麥出生隊(duì)列研究也顯示,孕前肥胖增加子代11~16歲時(shí)I型糖尿病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而未見孕期增重與該病的關(guān)聯(lián)[28]。2020年發(fā)表的系統(tǒng)綜述顯示,孕前BMI與子代空腹胰島素水平正關(guān)聯(lián),但孕期增重則無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)[29]??傊?,孕期增重過度與子代I型糖尿病關(guān)聯(lián)的證據(jù)不足,但孕前或孕早期肥胖則可能增加子代該病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

4.哮喘等過敏性疾?。合莾和R姷倪^敏性疾病之一,2010年美國(guó)受累兒童約700萬(wàn)[30],中國(guó)也超500萬(wàn)[31]。2014年發(fā)表的系統(tǒng)綜述顯示,與孕前體重正常孕婦相比,肥胖者子代在14月齡至16歲期間罹患哮喘或喘鳴的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加31%,且孕前BMI 每增加一個(gè)單位子代哮喘或喘鳴風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加2%~3%;與孕期增重適中者相比,增重過度者子代哮喘或喘鳴風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加16%[32]。2020年發(fā)表的系統(tǒng)綜述顯示,與孕前體重正常孕婦相比,超重或肥胖者子代哮喘風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加41%、喘鳴風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加13%,且孕前BMI每增加1個(gè)單位子代哮喘或喘鳴風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加3%;與孕期增重適中者相比,增重過度者子代哮喘或喘鳴風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加12%~24%[33]。此外,孕期增重過度可能增加子代其他過敏性疾病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。2019年中國(guó)前瞻性隊(duì)列研究顯示,孕期增重過度者子代3~14歲時(shí)患過敏性鼻炎的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加11%、皮膚濕疹的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加10%;且在孕前超重或肥胖孕婦中孕期增重過度的影響更強(qiáng),如子代過敏性鼻炎和皮膚濕疹的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別增加32%和24%[34]。2021年發(fā)表的系統(tǒng)綜述顯示,孕期增重過度增加子代過敏性皮炎發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),未見孕前BMI的關(guān)聯(lián)[35]??傊星胺逝趾驮衅谠鲋剡^度均可能增加子代哮喘發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn),且孕期增重過度還可能增加子代過敏性鼻炎、皮膚濕疹等其他過敏性疾病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

5.自閉癥:自閉癥是在兒童早期發(fā)生的神經(jīng)精神發(fā)育障礙性疾病,主要臨床表現(xiàn)為社會(huì)交往障礙、語(yǔ)言發(fā)育障礙和重復(fù)刻板行為[36]。美國(guó)3~17歲兒童自閉癥發(fā)生率約2.5%[37],而中國(guó)僅0.3%(可能被嚴(yán)重低估) [38]。2015年瑞典隊(duì)列研究顯示,與孕早期體重正常孕婦相比,超重和肥胖者子代自閉癥發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別增加31%和94%;與孕期增重適中孕婦相比,增重過度者子代自閉癥發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加23%;在匹配同胞、控制遺傳和家庭因素后,孕早期BMI與子代自閉癥不再關(guān)聯(lián),但孕期增重過度仍使子代自閉癥發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加48%[39]。2018年中國(guó)病例對(duì)照研究也顯示,孕前BMI與子代自閉癥無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián),但孕期增重過度可增加該病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[40]。2020年發(fā)表的系統(tǒng)綜述分別總結(jié)了4項(xiàng)病例對(duì)照研究和5項(xiàng)隊(duì)列研究:病例對(duì)照研究的綜合結(jié)果顯示,孕期增重過度使子代自閉癥發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加38%,隊(duì)列研究則顯示子代自閉癥發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加10%[41]??傊星胺逝峙c子代自閉癥關(guān)聯(lián)的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)尚待完善,但孕期增重過度可能增加子代該病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

6.認(rèn)知及神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育異常:孕期營(yíng)養(yǎng)影響子代腦組織和認(rèn)知功能發(fā)育。1982年美國(guó)一項(xiàng)研究顯示,與孕期增重不足13 kg的孕婦相比,增重超過13 kg者子代5歲時(shí)的認(rèn)知水平偏低[42]。2013年英國(guó)前瞻隊(duì)列研究顯示,孕前體重愈高,子代認(rèn)知功能相關(guān)指標(biāo)如4歲時(shí)入學(xué)成績(jī)、8歲時(shí)智商和16歲時(shí)期末成績(jī)愈差,而孕期增重可能與子代認(rèn)知功能正關(guān)聯(lián)[43]。2018年發(fā)表的系統(tǒng)綜述顯示,與孕前體重正常孕婦相比,超重和肥胖者子代出現(xiàn)神經(jīng)發(fā)育問題的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別增加17%和51%[44]。2020年發(fā)表的系統(tǒng)綜述顯示,孕前超重和肥胖者子代發(fā)生注意力不集中癥(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別增加31%和92%[45]。同年另一篇系統(tǒng)綜述顯示,孕期增重過度與子代智商的正關(guān)聯(lián)程度較弱,且與子代語(yǔ)言和數(shù)學(xué)能力無(wú)關(guān)聯(lián)[46]??傊?,孕前肥胖可能影響子代認(rèn)知與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育,而孕期增重的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)尚待豐富。

7.癌癥及其他:兒童癌癥發(fā)病率較低、病死率較高,是兒童死亡的主要原因之一。有關(guān)孕前肥胖、孕期增重過度與子代癌癥的關(guān)聯(lián)研究較少。2016年美國(guó)一項(xiàng)基于加利福尼亞州癌癥登記系統(tǒng)開展的病例對(duì)照研究顯示,與孕前體重正常孕婦相比,超重者子代白血病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加27%;與孕期增重適中孕婦相比,增重過度者子代星形細(xì)胞瘤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加56%[47]。2019年美國(guó)另一項(xiàng)基于賓夕法尼亞州癌癥登記系統(tǒng)開展的大規(guī)模前瞻性隊(duì)列研究(n=1 827 875)顯示,與孕前體重正常孕婦相比,重度肥胖者(BMI>40 kg/m2)子代癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加32%、白血病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加57%;與孕期增重不足5 kg的孕婦相比,孕期增重超過30 kg者的子代神經(jīng)母細(xì)胞瘤風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加107%[48]。孕婦肥胖可能還影響子代其他健康結(jié)局,雖然相關(guān)證據(jù)尚待豐富。如2020年筆者開展出生隊(duì)列研究顯示,與孕早期體重正常孕婦相比,肥胖者子代6月齡貧血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加39%[49];與孕中晚期增重速率適中者相比,增重速率過快者子代6月齡和12月齡貧血風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別增加20%和43%[50]。

綜上所述,孕前肥胖和孕期增重過度影響子代健康。二者均可能增加子代肥胖、代謝綜合征、心腦血管疾病、哮喘、癌癥、貧血的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。孕前肥胖與子代肥胖、代謝綜合征、心腦血管疾病、I型糖尿病、認(rèn)知和神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育的關(guān)聯(lián)更密切,而孕期增重過度與子代過敏性鼻炎、皮膚濕疹、自閉癥的關(guān)聯(lián)更密切。

二、可能機(jī)制

孕前肥胖、孕期增重過度影響子代健康的機(jī)制尚不清楚,可能涉及宮內(nèi)暴露、基因遺傳、家庭環(huán)境和生活方式代際傳遞等因素。首先,生命早期宮內(nèi)暴露影響子代健康。肥胖孕婦的子宮內(nèi)環(huán)境可能不同于非肥胖者,肥胖孕婦的胎兒更易暴露于葡萄糖和脂肪酸,適宜水平的葡萄糖和脂肪酸有益于胎兒腦組織發(fā)育,但過度暴露則影響胎兒脂肪組織發(fā)育、增加胎兒脂肪細(xì)胞生成能力和出生后對(duì)脂肪的存儲(chǔ)能力[51];過度暴露還可影響下丘腦和胰腺小島細(xì)胞的發(fā)育,增加出生后肥胖和I型糖尿病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[52]。其次,孕婦肥胖可影響母體胰島素和胰島素樣生長(zhǎng)因子水平,增加子代肥胖乃至癌癥的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[53]。第三,肥胖屬于慢性低度炎癥反應(yīng),促炎指標(biāo)如白介素6、腫瘤壞死因子α等水平明顯升高[54],而母體炎癥反應(yīng)與子代喘鳴[55]、神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育異常[56]、I型糖尿病[57]等有關(guān)聯(lián)。第四,孕婦肥胖影響子代腸道菌群,繼而影響子代健康[58]。第五,孕婦肥胖可致基因多態(tài)性或表觀基因改變,影響子代哮喘、癌癥等疾病的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[32,47]。此外,基因遺傳以及家庭環(huán)境因素和生活方式的代際傳遞影響子代健康,如肥胖孕婦的肥胖易感性遺傳子代[13]、不健康膳食或生活方式(如高熱量、高脂肪、少運(yùn)動(dòng))傳遞子代[59],進(jìn)而影響子代健康。

三、既往研究局限性

首先,暴露評(píng)價(jià)亟待精準(zhǔn)。定義孕前肥胖多采用孕前BMI,而孕前BMI在群體層面的預(yù)測(cè)性較好,對(duì)個(gè)體的預(yù)測(cè)準(zhǔn)確性有待改進(jìn)。宜同時(shí)考慮其他肥胖評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),如腰圍、腰臀比和體脂率等。孕期增重多采用孕期總增重,但孕期增重對(duì)子代健康的影響因妊娠時(shí)期而異[15],可考慮細(xì)化孕期增重為孕早、中、晚期增重。孕前BMI和孕期增重相關(guān)信息多為孕產(chǎn)婦自我報(bào)告,回憶偏倚和暴露錯(cuò)分不可避免,影響暴露評(píng)價(jià)的準(zhǔn)確性。其次,需綜合評(píng)價(jià)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位、膳食模式、生活方式等因素對(duì)因果鏈的影響。采用同胞對(duì)照有益于控制這些混雜因素[39],但仍有局限性,如混雜因素可能會(huì)隨時(shí)間推移而發(fā)生變化,一般而言,同胞對(duì)照使結(jié)果趨于保守[60]。第三,孕前肥胖和孕期增重過度影響子代健康的機(jī)制機(jī)理尚不清楚。相關(guān)研究主要基于動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)或小樣本人群研究,亟待深化。第四,既往研究多來(lái)自發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家,如2020年關(guān)于I型糖尿病的系統(tǒng)綜述納入的15篇原始研究中有14篇來(lái)自發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家[29],而關(guān)于認(rèn)知功能的7篇原始研究則全部來(lái)自發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家[46]。目前發(fā)展中國(guó)家孕前肥胖和孕期增重過度問題不容忽視,宜加強(qiáng)相關(guān)研究。

四、展望

中國(guó)孕婦基數(shù)大,孕前肥胖與孕期增重過度問題并存。孕婦肥胖影響子代健康,相關(guān)部門宜予以重視,開展健康教育、強(qiáng)化孕前孕期營(yíng)養(yǎng)指導(dǎo),推進(jìn)科學(xué)研究工作。肥胖孕婦的時(shí)空分布特征、孕婦肥胖與母子健康、孕期增重適宜范圍、孕婦肥胖的干預(yù)策略等是人群研究的主要內(nèi)容。尤其在出生人口規(guī)模減少和生育政策漸次寬松背景下,積極開展系列研究不僅具有重要公共衛(wèi)生價(jià)值,而且對(duì)保障國(guó)家人口持續(xù)健康發(fā)展也具有重要意義。

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